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| 不同类型地膜降解规律及其对土壤理化性质的影响 |
| The degradation laws of different types of mulch films and their influence on soil physical and chemical properties |
| Received:August 15, 2023 Revised:December 19, 2023 |
| DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2023.0523 |
| 中文关键词: 不可降解地膜，可降解地膜，土壤理化性质，降解规律，微塑料 |
| 英文关键词: non-degradable mulching film, degradable mulching film, physicochemical properties of soil, degradation rule, microplastics |
| 基金项目:陕西省农业协同创新与推广联盟重大科技项目（LMZD202106）；国家自然科学基金项目（42007303）；国家重点研发计划项目（2023YFD1700102）；陕西省农业科技创新驱动项目（NYKJ-2022-YL（XN）39） |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | LU Haodong | College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China | | | ZHAO Shaoting | Xi'an Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Xi'an 710089, China | | | ZHANG Junli | Weinan Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Weinan 714000, China | | | WANG Rui | Heyang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Weinan 715399, China | | | JIA Hanzhong | College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China | | | DAI Yunchao | College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China | daiyc2018@163.com |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 作为世界上最大的地膜生产国和消费国，我国面临着传统地膜带来的土壤污染问题，可降解地膜在解决这一问题的同时也带来了新的争议。地膜覆盖改变了土壤水热循环，对土壤理化性质产生一定影响，然而覆盖不同种类地膜对土壤理化性质的影响以及降解特性差异有待进一步研究。本研究选取生物渗水黑膜（IB）、生物渗水白膜（IW）、生物渗水灰膜（IG）、生物降解黑膜（DB）、生物降解白膜（DW）、聚乙烯黑膜（AB）和聚乙烯白膜（AW）等7种地膜，在试验中分别采用氙灯或紫外灯老化来探究不同种类地膜对土壤理化性质的影响及其降解特性。结果表明：采用氙灯或紫外灯老化 35 d后，相较于对照处理（CK），氙灯+DW 处理土壤pH增加最多，增加了0.2；紫外灯+DW处理土壤有机质含量提高最多，提高了2.93 g·kg-1；紫外灯+IG处理土壤阳离子交换量增加最多，增加了 8.28 cmol·kg-1，但差异不显著；覆盖地膜可以促进硝态氮向氨态氮转化。在地膜降解方面，不可降解地膜在光照条件下短期内几乎不发生降解，可降解地膜则明显降解，其中紫外灯光照条件下降解速率大于氙灯光照条件；氙灯光照条件下地膜老化降解速率表现为IG>IB>IW>DW≈DB，紫外灯光照条件下地膜老化降解速率表现为DB>IG≈IB>DW≈IW；地膜降解时发生分子键断裂并伴随官能团变化，主要发生官能团相对含量变化，进而造成地膜裂解，形成微塑料进入土壤，对土壤环境造成危害。研究表明，短期内地膜覆盖对土壤理化性质有积极作用，生物渗水地膜降解速率快于生物降解地膜，不同地膜短期内均可以保持完整性，适合生长周期较短的作物，但可降解地膜会产生更多的微塑料，危害土壤环境。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| As the largest producer and consumer of plastic films in the world, China is faced with serious soil pollution caused by traditional plastic films. Biodegradable mulch brings new controversy while solving this problem. Film mulching changes the soil hydrothermal cycle and has an impact on soil physical and chemical properties. However, the effects of different types of mulch films on soil physical and chemical properties and the differences in their degradation characteristics need to be further studied. In this study, seven types of plastic films were selected：bio-permeable black film（IB）, bio-permeable white film（IW）, bio-permeable grey film（IG）, biodegradable black film（DB）, biodegradable white film（DW）, polyethylene black film（AB）, and polyethylene white film（AW）. Xenon or ultraviolet lamps were used to investigate the influence of different kinds of mulch films on the physical and chemical properties of soil and their degradation characteristics. After 35 days of aging with xenon or ultraviolet lamp, other treatments were compared with CK. Xenon lamp and DW treatments significantly increased soil pH the most, by 0.2, whereas UV lamp and DW treatments significantly increased soil organic matter content the most, by 2.93 g·kg-1. UV lamp and IG treatments increased soil cation exchange the most, by 8.28 cmol·kg-1, but the difference was not significant. The use of mulch films can promote the conversion of nitrate nitrogen to ammonia nitrogen. In terms of mulch film degradation, non-degradable mulch films almost do not degrade in the short term under light. The degradation rates of degradable mulch films was higher under ultraviolet lamps than under xenon lamps. The degradation rate of plastic films under xenon lamps was in the order IG>IB>IW>DW≈DB, while the aging degradation rate of mulch films under UV lamps was in the order DB>IG≈IB>DW≈IW. Molecular bond breaking and functional group changes occur during film degradation, mainly changing in the relative content of the functional group, which leads to the cracking of the mulch film and the formation of microplastics, causing harm to the soil environment. Mulch films have positive effects on soil physical and chemical properties in the short term. Bio-permeable films degrade faster than biodegradable films and maintain their integrity in the short term, making them suitable for crops with shorter growth cycles. However, biodegradable membranes produce more microplastics, which harm the soil environment. |
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