脲酶/硝化抑制剂减少农田土壤氮素损失的作用特征

宋涛; 尹俊慧; 胡兆平; 王亮亮; 张强; 陈清; 曹文超

文章摘要

脲酶/硝化抑制剂减少农田土壤氮素损失的作用特征

Characteristics of urease/nitrification inhibitors in reducing nitrogen losses in farmland soils

Received:June 29, 2020

DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2020.0344

中文关键词: 硝化抑制剂，脲酶抑制剂，农田土壤，氨挥发，氧化亚氮排放，硝酸盐淋洗，氮肥利用率

英文关键词: nitrification inhibitor, urease inhibitor, farmland soils, ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emission, nitrate leaching, nitrogen use efficiency

基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFD0200701）；中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项（1630042020004）

Author Name	Affiliation	E-mail
SONG Tao	State Key Laboratory of Efficient Development and Comprehensive Utilization of Nutrient Resources, Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linshu 276700, China
YIN Jun-hui	College of Resource and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
HU Zhao-ping	State Key Laboratory of Efficient Development and Comprehensive Utilization of Nutrient Resources, Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linshu 276700, China
WANG Liang-liang	State Key Laboratory of Efficient Development and Comprehensive Utilization of Nutrient Resources, Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linshu 276700, China
ZHANG Qiang	State Key Laboratory of Efficient Development and Comprehensive Utilization of Nutrient Resources, Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linshu 276700, China
CHEN Qing	College of Resource and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
CAO Wen-chao	College of Resource and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Eco-Circular Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China	caochaoqun66@163.com

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中文摘要:

氮肥过量施用加剧了农田土壤氮素损失，如增加NH₃挥发、N₂O排放及硝酸盐淋洗等，这将降低空气和水体质量并对全球气候产生负面影响。脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂可延缓土壤氮素转化，降低土壤活性氮对环境的负面效应，因此在农业生产中被广泛应用，如N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺（NBPT）、3，4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和双氰胺（DCD）。本文重点阐述了脲酶抑制剂NBPT和硝化抑制剂DMPP、DCD在农田土壤中的作用机制及其对环境和农学效应的影响，并揭示影响其施用有效性的主要因素。大多数研究结果表明，NBPT与尿素或有机肥配合施用后能够减少土壤NH₃挥发、N₂O排放和NO₃^-淋洗，并提高作物产量、品质及氮肥利用率；与NBPT类似，两种典型硝化抑制剂DCD和DMPP均能降低土壤N₂O排放和NO₃^-淋洗并提高作物产量，但某些环境条件下也会增加土壤NH₃挥发损失。不同农田生态系统中脲酶/硝化抑制剂的作用效果与抑制剂种类、降雨或灌溉量、土壤pH值和黏粒含量等因素有关。在未来的生产实践中，应根据抑制剂在不同土壤环境下的作用特征来更加科学合理地施用抑制剂。

英文摘要:

Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer aggravates nitrogen losses from agricultural soils, with effects such as increasing ammonia(NH₃) volatilization, nitrous oxide(N₂O) emissions, and nitrate(NO₃^-) leaching, which can reduce air and water quality and have a negative impact on global climate. Urease inhibitors and nitrification inhibitors can delay the transformations of soil nitrogen and reduce the negative effects of soil-reactive nitrogen. Both have been widely used in agricultural production, as N-butylthiophosphoryl triamine (NBPT), 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP), and dicyandiamide(DCD). The mechanisms of urease inhibitor(NBPT) and nitrification inhibitors(DMPP, DCD) in agricultural soils and their effects on the environment and agronomy were comprehensively reviewed in this study, revealing the main factors affecting the effectiveness of its application. Many studies have shown that NBPT combined with chemical nitrogen fertilizer and/or organic fertilizer could reduce NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission, and NO₃^- leaching, as well as improve crop yield and quality and nitrogen-use efficiency. Similarly, as nitrification inhibitors, both DCD and DMPP could reduce soil N₂O emissions and NO₃^- leaching, increase crop yield, and increase soil NH₃ volatilization loss. The inhibition efficacy of urease/nitrification inhibitors is related to the type of nitrogen inhibitors, the form and rate of nitrogen fertilizer, whether rainfall or irrigation is employed, and edaphic conditions such as soil pH and clay content. Therefore, the characteristics and effects of urease/nitrification inhibitors should be considered for scientific and practical applications.

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