2021, Vol. 38
2. 中国农业大学资源与环境学院, 北京 100193;
3. 海南省热带生态循环农业重点实验室, 中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所, 海口 571101
2. College of Resource and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
3. Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Eco-Circular Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
在农业生产过程中，氮肥的必要投入是保证作物产量并满足人口增长需求的关键[1]。然而，农户为了追求农田作物的高产稳产，盲目和过量施用氮肥，导致氮肥利用率降低。据报道，约有50% 的肥料氮并未被作物吸收利用，主要以氨（NH3）挥发、硝化和反硝化作用等过程释放出的各种气体[包括氧化亚氮（N2O）]以及硝酸盐（NO3-）淋洗等形式排放至大气、深层土壤或水体环境中[2]。这不仅增加了农户的经济效益损失，也对大气、水环境以及人类健康构成潜在威胁[3]。例如，NH3是空气雾霾或灰霾的主要贡献者[4]。与NH3挥发相比，N2O排放量较低，但它是破坏大气臭氧层的主要因子，也是重要的温室气体之一[5]。最新研究显示，全球N2O排放的增长速度快于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的预测，这将使全球气候变化风险加剧[6]。此外，NO3-由于其本身带负电荷，易于淋洗至地表水和地下水，造成水体富营养化和地下水污染[7]。因此，如何减少氮素损失、提高氮肥利用率并降低氮素损失对环境的负面影响已引起人们广泛关注。
近年来，除与作物生长相匹配的精细施肥和农田管理措施外，脲酶/硝化抑制剂的利用也是有效阻控农田土壤氮素损失的重要手段。脲酶/硝化抑制剂分别通过抑制土壤脲酶和氨氧化微生物的活性来延缓相应的氮素转化过程，因其具有明显提高氮肥利用率并减少氮素损失的作用，越来越受到人们的重视[8]。Zaman等[9]研究表明，脲酶/硝化抑制剂与化肥或有机肥配合施用有利于增加氮肥利用率、提高作物产量，并可降低由大量施用氮肥引发的环境风险[8]。然而，在不同土壤环境条件下，脲酶/硝化抑制剂的有效性差异较大，目前对其在农田土壤中的作用效果和影响因素仍缺乏系统性研究。
因此，本文以典型脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺（NBPT）和硝化抑制剂3，4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和双氰胺（DCD）为例，重点阐明相关抑制剂的作用特征及其对土壤NH3挥发、N2O排放、NO3-淋洗和作物产量的影响效果及影响因素，以期为脲酶/硝化抑制剂在农业中合理应用和推广提供科学的指导。
1 脲酶抑制剂 1.1 作用机理尿素在全球合成氮肥市场中占比约55%，是农业生产上最常用的氮肥类型[10]。尿素施入土壤1~2 d内在土壤脲酶的催化作用下迅速水解为碳酸铵[11]，随后分解为CO2和铵态氮（NH4+-N）[12]。土壤脲酶是一类含镍的金属钛酶，其活性位点包含由氨基甲酸酯桥连在一起的两个镍原子。如图 1[13-14]所示，脲酶抑制剂（Urease inhibitor）通过抑制土壤脲酶活性来减缓尿素向NH4+-N转化[15]。脲酶抑制剂种类主要包括：①与脲酶巯基基团反应的有机或无机化合物，如氢醌、对苯醌等；②与脲酶活性位点中的镍原子形成络合物的金属螯合物，如乙酰羟肟酸、乙酰氧肟酸；③与脲酶活性位点相结合，不易被脲酶水解的竞争性抑制剂，如NBPT[16]。NBPT是目前研究最多且使用最广泛的脲酶抑制剂[17-18]。NBPT并不直接抑制脲酶活性，而是在有氧条件下先迅速转化为它的氧化产物NBPTo，随后再与脲酶活性位点形成三齿键[19]，进而减缓尿素被脲酶水解的速率[13, 20]。由于NBPTo本身降解较快，通常直接使用NBPT更能相对持久地延缓尿素水解[21]。此外，近年来有研究发现，土壤中施入NBPT后氨氧化细菌（AOB）和氨氧化古菌（AOA）的氨单加氧酶基因（amoA）拷贝数也显著降低，原因可能是NBPT具有抑制氨氧化菌细胞内脲酶活性的能力，因而减少了胞内硝化作用底物NH3的有效性，并进一步推测NBPT能够抑制胞内氨氧化菌的硝化作用[22]，但也有研究认为，NBPT对氨氧化菌丰度和种群结构均无影响[23]。
|
AMO：氨单加氧酶；HAO：羟胺氧化还原酶；NXR：亚硝酸氧化还原酶；Nar：硝酸异化还原酶 AMO: ammonia monooxygenase; HAO: hydroxylamine oxidoreductase; NXR: nitrite oxidoreductase; Nar: membrane-bound nitrate reductase 图 1 土壤脲酶/硝化抑制剂的作用机制[13-14] Figure 1 Inhibitory mechanism of urease and nitrifications in soils[13-14] |
土壤NH3挥发是农田氮素气态损失的重要途径之一，对大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的形成具有重要贡献[24]。化学氮肥的施用是农田土壤NH3挥发最为重要的来源。据报道，施用到土壤表面的尿素中约有25%转化为NH3并挥发到大气中[25]，而在高温和潮湿的环境条件下，土壤施用尿素后NH3挥发损失甚至高达40%[26]。
脲酶抑制剂与尿素配合施用能够降低土壤NH3日挥发量，并减少NH3损失总量[16-17]。Silva等[16]通过大样本分析发现，NH3在尿素和尿素+NBPT处理中挥发损失比例分别为施氮量的31.0% 和14.8%，施用脲酶抑制剂可使氨挥发损失量减少52%。Cantarella等[27]研究发现，与单施尿素处理相比，增施NBPT显著降低土壤NH3损失量达53%。在稻田土壤中，添加NBPT后NH3挥发峰值降低27.0%，累积NH3挥发损失量降低21.7%[28]。室内试验也表明，与单施尿素处理相比，配施NBPT降低了54%~78% 的NH3挥发损失量[29]。脲酶抑制剂还能减缓尿素水解速率，如尿素和尿素+NBPT处理NH3挥发总量达一半时所用的时间分别为4.8 d和8.3 d[26]。此外，NBPT也可减少有机肥中的NH3损失。如Li等[30]发现，在有机肥中添加NBPT后，土壤NH3挥发量由施氮量的15%降为8%。
NBPT抑制土壤NH3的作用效果受土壤pH、灌溉和降水等因素影响。pH调控土壤溶液中NH3与NH4+的浓度
N2O作为对流层重要的温室气体之一[37]是破坏平流层臭氧层的主要因子[38]，对全球气候和环境变化具有重要影响。与NH3挥发量相比，N2O排放量占施氮量的比例通常较低，平均值在1% 左右[39-40]。化学氮肥的施用增加农田土壤N2O排放[41]，且有研究认为硝化作用过程是我国北方石灰性土壤N2O产生的主导途径[42-43]。脲酶抑制剂在减少NH3挥发的同时，也会影响硝化作用及后续反硝化作用速率[9]。因此，脲酶抑制剂配施尿素可能是降低N2O排放的重要措施之一（表 1）。Ding等[44]对华北平原农田土壤玉米种植季的研究表明，与单施尿素相比，增施NBPT可减少37.7% 的N2O排放。Dawar等[45]在牧场土壤中发现，NBPT与尿素配施后能够显著降低N2O排放。Martins等[46]在热带土壤中发现，NBPT能够通过抑制NH3挥发来减少N2O的间接排放。Zhao等[47]对石灰性土壤小麦-玉米轮作体系连续3年的田间监测结果显示，与单施尿素相比，尿素配施NBPT在玉米、小麦生长季和全年均显著降低了N2O排放。这可能主要与脲酶抑制剂NBPT延缓尿素水解、降低土壤NH4+浓度有关；另一方面，作物氮肥利用率的提高也会降低硝化和反硝化作用底物NH4+和NO3-浓度，进而减少N2O排放。
|
表 1 脲酶抑制剂对土壤N2O排放的影响 Table 1 Influences of urease inhibitors on soil N2O emissions |
Fan等[48]基于荟萃分析发现，土壤pH是影响NBPT降低N2O排放的关键因素，NBPT在碱性土壤中显著降低了N2O排放，而在酸性土壤中则无明显影响。多数情况下尿素添加脲酶抑制剂后土壤N2O排放降低或差异不显著[49]，但也有研究发现添加脲酶抑制剂后增加了N2O的排放[37]。这可能是由于土壤初始NO3-含量和含水量较高，易于反硝化作用过程进行，尿素水解并未直接影响N2O排放。
1.2.3 对硝酸盐淋洗的影响硝酸盐（NO3-）可引起地表水富营养化，若饮用水中NO3-含量较高还会危害人体健康。NO3-的淋洗与土壤中NO3-含量呈显著正相关[50]。化学氮肥和有机肥的大量施用导致农田土壤NO3-明显累积，增加了NO3-淋洗至地下水的风险[51-52]。降低硝化作用速率或减少硝化作用初始底物NH4+浓度，是避免土壤NO3-大量淋洗的有效途径之一。Sanz-Cobena等[53]在地中海气候条件下连续2年监测玉米季土壤发现，与单施尿素相比，NBPT减少了NO3-淋洗约18%。周旋等[54]在黄泥田水稻土壤中研究结果显示，尿素和尿素硝铵配施NBPT降低了淋洗液NO3-累积量的15.6%。Zaman等[11]在牧场土壤的田间试验表明，尿素添加NBPT降低淋洗液中47% 的NO3-。类似地，Dawar等[55]在牧场土壤中也发现，尿素和尿素+NBPT处理总NO3-损失量分别为3.83、2.46 kg·hm-2（以N计），添加NBPT减少了36%的NO3-损失。这主要是因为脲酶抑制剂NBPT减缓了尿素的水解，降低了NH4+浓度，进而限制了硝化作用速率和NO3-的供给。
1.2.4 对作物氮肥利用率和产量的影响脲酶抑制剂在降低氮素损失的同时，也一定程度地提高了作物氮肥利用率（NUE），这将有利于促进作物产量的提升（表 2）。Abalos等[57]基于荟萃分析的研究表明，脲酶/硝化抑制剂使NUE平均提高12.9%。张文学等[58]在水稻土壤中研究发现，与仅施用尿素处理相比，添加NBPT后水稻地上部氮素回收率提高幅度为19.4%。Suter等[59]研究发现，添加脲酶抑制剂促进了土壤中氮的固存。玉米盆栽试验表明，NBPT与尿素协同施用后的NUE为47.9%，较单施尿素处理增加幅度为18.6%[60]。施用NBPT能够提高棉花产量、氮素吸收量和NUE，且与仅施用尿素处理相比，添加NBPT后NUE增加了16.8个百分点[61]。这主要是因为施用脲酶抑制剂在延缓尿素水解并减少NH3挥发的同时，也利于土壤氮素持续供应，更好地满足作物对氮素的需求[62]，进而提高作物对氮素的吸收利用。Huang等[63]对中国农田土壤进行荟萃分析发现，脲酶抑制剂整体增加作物产量约4.7%。Linquist等[64]研究发现，脲酶抑制剂施用后水稻产量平均增加5.7%。与单施尿素处理相比，NBPT配施尿素使作物产量平均增幅达5.3%[18]。Cantarella等[26]综合96个监测结果发现，施用NBPT后小麦、牧草、大米、大麦、豆类、玉米、棉花和甘蔗的产量平均提高10.2%、8.4%、7.6%、6%、5.2%、4.1%、1.8%和-0.8%。
|
|
表 2 脲酶抑制剂对作物产量的影响 Table 2 Influences of urease inhibitors on crop yield |
脲酶抑制剂对不同作物增产效果的差异可能与作物生长周期及其氮素营养特性和土壤温度、pH、降雨量等其他环境因素有关。NBPT配施尿素处理水稻产量随降雨增加呈非线性递减趋势，同时与仅施用尿素处理相比，添加NBPT可使水稻产量增加8.9%~18.1%[65]。在热带强淋溶土中，NBPT配施尿素后玉米产量为7.17 t·hm-2，较单施尿素处理提高约10%[66]。Drury等[56]研究发现NBPT配施后玉米产量增加了3.33%~9.35%。Chatterjee[67]研究表明，NBPT和尿素协同施用后显著增加冬小麦和甜菜产量，增幅分别为4.46% 和6.23%。脲酶抑制剂在增加作物产量的同时，通常也会提高作物品质。盆栽条件下NBPT配施尿素能提高28.3%~33.7%的油菜生物产量，并降低植株体内4.2%~32.6% 的硝酸盐含量[68]。与单施尿素（300 kg·hm-2，以N计）处理相比，田间添加NBPT的尿素处理土豆产量增加42%，且以大果（>55 mm）和中果（35~55 mm）增产为主[69]。类似地，NBPT配施尿素的处理小麦产量可增加15.4%，同时增加小麦蛋白10.1%[70]。然而，也有研究显示脲酶抑制剂并没有显著提高作物的品质。如Bryant等[71]研究结果表明，施用包膜NBPT的尿素并未使水稻籽粒中蛋白含量提高，反而略有降低。试验结果的不一致可能与水稻中蛋白含量受氮肥种类和水稻品种基因型影响有关[72]。
2 硝化抑制剂 2.1 作用机理硝化作用是全球土壤氮循环的关键过程，其氨氧化过程是该反应的限速步骤。参与该过程的土壤微生物主要是自养的AOB和AOA，且通常认为在中性、碱性和高氮投入或氮充裕的土壤条件下AOB是驱动硝化过程进行的主体，而在酸性、氮含量相对较低的自然生态系统中AOA发挥更为重要的作用[73]。氨在氨氧化菌氨单加氧酶（AMO）作用下被氧化为羟胺（NH2OH），随后在羟胺氧化还原酶（HAO）作用下氧化为亚硝酸（NO2-）[14]。大多数硝化抑制剂通过抑制AMO活性来减缓硝化作用进程（图 1）。其主要抑制作用机理：①直接与AMO结合并相互作用，如硝基吡啶；②螯合AMO中的辅酶因子Cu，降低其有效性，如DMPP；③底物氧化使AMO失活，如乙炔。一般认为硝化抑制剂主要通过抑制氨氧化细菌微生物的活性来暂时阻止NH3氧化为羟胺（图 1），进而延长NH4+在土壤中的滞留时间[74]，减缓硝化作用进程并降低该过程中N2O排放，同时也降低了土壤中NO3-浓度及其淋洗风险[75]。因此，硝化抑制剂被推荐为减少农田土壤N2O排放的重要措施之一[76]，并被广泛应用在各农业系统中[77]。
目前，DCD和DMPP是最为常见并已商业化应用的硝化抑制剂。有研究表明，DCD具有抑菌作用而非杀菌功能，其主要通过暂时阻碍AOB的生长和活性，限制其对NH4+的吸收和利用[78]。DCD降解或抑制效能下降后，土壤AOB将逐渐恢复活性并重新进行氨氧化过程。但也有研究发现，酸性土壤中一定浓度的DCD可完全抑制AOA的生长[79]。与DCD相比，DMPP能够通过螯合AMO中的Cu来阻碍AOB对NH3的氧化反应，高效抑制AOB生长和相关amoA基因的表达[80-81]，但对AOA并无影响[82-83]。Shi等[84]在菜田和草地土壤上的对比试验表明，DMPP通过影响AOB的丰度和代谢活性有效抑制碱性菜田土壤的硝化作用和N2O排放，而对酸性草地土壤的硝化作用和硝化菌影响不显著，这与酸性土壤AOB丰度较低以及DMPP作为一种杂环化合物可能被有机质所吸附，从而降低对氨氧化过程的有效抑制有关。同时，Li等[85]研究发现，DMPP可直接抑制氨氧化和反硝化微生物活性进而有效抑制N2O的排放。Dong等[86]在大豆-玉米轮作系统中的研究结果表明，在培养49 d后DMPP配施尿素显著降低了nirS基因丰度。Kou等[87]在设施菜田土壤中研究发现，DMPP显著减少了nirS和nirK基因拷贝数，而DCD对其无影响。DMPP对不同细菌种群的影响依赖于土壤含水量，40% WFPS（土壤孔隙含水量）条件下施用DMPP降低了amoA、narG、nirK和nosZ基因丰度，而在80% WFPS条件下，DMPP对amoA基因丰度无显著影响，但增加了反硝化菌基因丰度[88]。然而，早期研究发现，DMPP并未影响土壤硝酸盐还原酶和N2O还原酶活性，这可能与施用氮肥的形态和土壤环境条件有关[89]。
2.2 环境和农学效应 2.2.1 对NH3挥发的影响与脲酶抑制剂不同，硝化抑制剂延长NH4+在土壤中的滞留时间，通常会增加NH3排放潜势[77, 90]。多数研究表明，施用硝化抑制剂将增加土壤NH3挥发损失量（表 3）。Qiao等[77]综合62个田间施用硝化抑制剂试验结果发现，施用硝化抑制剂增加了NH3的排放，平均增幅为20%。同时，Lam等[94]整合文献结果显示，硝化抑制剂增加NH3挥发损失量0.2~18.7 kg·hm-2（以NH3-N计）。室内培养试验结果表明，施用DCD可增加5%~16% 的NH3挥发损失，同时DCD与NBPT配施能够部分抵消NBPT对减少NH3挥发的有利效应[35]。在菜田种植系统中，施用有机肥后NH3挥发迅速增加，与仅施用有机肥处理相比，添加DMPP使NH3损失增加37%[91]。与单独施用尿素或有机肥处理相比，温室土壤添加DCD的尿素或有机肥处理在15 d内累积的NH3排放量分别显著增加了58% 和38%[92]。在稻田土壤中，与单施尿素处理相比，添加DMPP后NH3挥发累积量增加了7.2%[27]。与单施尿液处理相比，添加DCD在春季和秋季牧场土壤中NH3挥发损失的增幅分别为16%和39%[95]。然而，也有研究表明，与仅施用牛粪相比，尽管添加DMPP处理的NH3挥发损失量增加42%，但二者差异并不显著；同时硫硝酸铵添加DMPP后甚至使NH3的损失量降低[93]。
|
|
表 3 硝化抑制剂对土壤NH3挥发损失的影响 Table 3 Influences of nitrification inhibitors on soil NH3 volatilization |
硝化抑制剂在降低土壤N2O排放方面具有良好的效果（表 4）。Qiao等[77]综合田间应用硝化抑制剂的试验结果发现，硝化抑制剂的施用平均减少N2O排放达44%。Fan等[96]在陕西和山东两地菜田土壤中研究发现，添加硝化抑制剂DCD后N2O排放量分别降低了61% 和46%。Zhang等[97]在菜田土壤中也发现，与仅施用尿素处理相比，添加DCD可减少田间6.2% 的N2O排放。Shamsuzzaman等[98]开展的尿素与不同有机物料配比的研究结果显示，尿素+水稻秸秆、尿素+ 牛粪和尿素+鸡粪处理添加DCD后，土壤N2O排放量分别降低了40.6%、43.4%和24.5%。Dai等[99]在牧草土壤中研究发现，DCD施用后N2O排放总量减少52%~ 69%，主要归因于DCD抑制了土壤AOB的生长。与DCD相比，DMPP的施用量仅为DCD的1/10，同时，连续3年的试验结果表明DMPP降低了49%的N2O排放量，而DCD仅降低了26%[100]。类似地，在设施菜田土壤也发现DMPP对减少N2O排放、延缓氨氧化的效果均优于DCD[87]。在草地土壤中施用DMPP能显著减少23%~33% 的N2O累积排放量[101]。在小麦-玉米轮作农田土壤中，尿素和尿素+DMPP处理N2O年累积排放量分别为4.49、2.78 kg·hm-2（以N计），即DMPP减少了38%的N2O年排放量[102]。室内培养试验结果表明，与单施尿素处理相比，DMPP在石灰性土壤中（pH 7.9）减少N2O累积排放量高达99.2%[103]。可见，在碱性条件下DMPP对土壤硝化作用具有较高的抑制率[104]。与DMPP相比，DCD可在酸性土壤条件下显著降低N2O排放量，而对中性和碱性土壤无显著影响[105]。
|
|
表 4 硝化抑制剂对土壤N2O排放的影响 Table 4 Influences of nitrification inhibitors on soil N2O emissions |
通常，硝化抑制剂在降低N2O排放的同时会增加NH3挥发损失（见2.2.1）。尽管NH3本身并不是温室气体，但其是N2O间接排放的重要来源之一[106]。有研究发现，挥发损失的NH3约有1%~5%经大气沉降、硝化和反硝化过程再次转化为N2O[107]。这意味着硝化抑制剂对N2O的减排效应将随NH3排放量的负面效应的增强而相对减弱。考虑大气沉降的NH3对N2O的间接排放贡献，硝化抑制剂对N2O排放的影响总体表现为-4.5~0.5 kg·hm-2（以N2O-N计）[94]。因此，未来研究应综合考虑硝化抑制剂对NH3挥发导致的N2O间接排放影响，以进一步准确综合评估和量化硝化抑制剂对N2O的减排效应。此外，在土壤含水量较高（85%WFPS）的草地土壤中，与仅施用硫酸铵相比，DMPP施入增加了16.4% 的分子态氮气（N2）损失[108]。而Friedl等[109]的研究结果显示，添加DMPP减少牧场土壤70%以上的累积N2损失，这可能与DMPP限制了反硝化底物NO3-有效性并减少了异养呼吸造成的氧气消耗有关。因此，硝化抑制剂对分子态氮气损失及反硝化作用的影响还需要进一步深入探究。
2.2.3 对硝酸盐淋洗的影响硝化抑制剂的使用是减少土壤NO3-淋洗的重要措施之一。大样本分析数据表明，硝化抑制剂平均可显著减少47% 的NO3-淋洗量[77]，这与Cai等[110]的研究结果一致，其发现DCD能够减少草地动物尿斑46% 的NO3-淋洗量。与仅施用动物尿液处理相比，添加DCD在秋季和春季分别减少76% 和42% 的NO3-淋洗量[111]。类似地，Monaghan等[112]发现，草地土壤中施用DCD每年可平均减少NO3-损失21%~56%。同时，Welten等[113]研究结果表明，随DCD施用量的增加，草地土壤NO3-的淋洗总量下降，且显著降低了NH4+和可溶性有机氮（DON）的淋洗。进一步研究显示，草地土壤总NO3-的淋洗损失与AOB的amoA基因拷贝数和硝化速率显著相关，而与AOA无相关性[114]。在太湖地区水稻油菜轮作体系下，尿素和尿素+DMPP处理NO3-损失量分别为21.4、10.8 kg·hm-2（以N计），即DMPP显著降低了NO3-淋洗[115]。在菜田土壤中，尿素和有机肥添加DCD后可分别使NO3-淋洗量降低77%和80%，但增加了NH4+淋洗风险[92]。Cui等[116]在集约化菜田土壤中发现，施用DCD能降低36.2%~58.5%的NO3-淋洗量。与仅施用尿素处理相比，DMPP与尿素混施后显著增加小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤pH和NH4+浓度，并降低NO3-+NO2-含量[117]。综上可见，硝化抑制剂的施用可有效减少土壤NO3-淋洗风险。此外，也有研究发现，硝化抑制剂可减少土壤中Ca2+、Mg2+和K+等阳离子的淋洗损失[118-119]以及牧草中NO3-含量[120]。
2.2.4 对作物氮肥利用率和产量的影响硝化抑制剂在降低土壤NO3-淋洗和N2O排放的同时，还可提高作物产量（表 5）和NUE（表 6）。在尿素施氮量较低（23 kg · hm-2，以N计）条件下，添加DMPP可增加32%的牧草干质量[125]。Li等[115]在水稻- 油菜轮作区发现，DMPP与尿素协同施用后均显著增加水稻和油菜籽的产量，产量增幅分别为5.3% 和6.9%。Zhao等[47]在华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系2013—2014年间的研究结果显示，与仅施尿素处理相比，添加DCD尿素处理的小麦和玉米产量分别为6.7、8.9 t·hm-2，年平均增幅为9.1%。类似地，尿素配施DCD后小麦产量增加了7.9%[121]。不同地域菜田土壤试验结果表明，在湖南强淋溶土、陕西塿土、山东潮土、黑龙江黑土中添加DCD的尿素处理蔬菜产量分别增加3.1%、6.6%、17.5% 和17.6%[91]。DMPP显著增加晚稻产量，平均增幅为15.1%，但对早稻无显著增产作用[126]。DMPP与氮肥配施后显著增加萝卜和生菜产量，而对洋葱和菠菜产量无明显影响，甚至有降低趋势[127]。这可能与土壤环境条件、作物种类和生长周期不同等有关。例如，硝化抑制剂在酸性土壤中的NUE显著高于中性和碱性土壤，这可能与硝化抑制剂在中性和碱性土壤更易增加NH3挥发损失有关[128]。大多数研究表明，硝化抑制剂施用在增加作物产量的同时，也会提高作物品质。与习惯施肥相比，施用含DCD的水溶肥可增加黄瓜中26% 的可溶性糖含量，减少温室黄瓜硝酸盐含量达21.6%[129]。DCD与氮肥协同配施也可增加日光温室番茄近20% 的产量，并显著降低番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量[130]。与DCD类似，DMPP可降低菠菜中26%~84% 的硝酸盐含量[131]，且施用含DMPP的复合肥可显著增加黄瓜、西瓜产量，提高可溶性糖、维生素C和氨基酸含量[132]。然而，施用硝化抑制剂也会产生一些负面效应。Yu等[119]研究发现DMPP尽管增加冬小麦的产量，却显著降低了冬小麦中粗蛋白含量。此外，2012年在新西兰发现，常年施用硝化抑制剂DCD的干草中存在DCD残留，并已在部分乳制品中检测到DCD，这极大增加了人们对食品安全的担忧[131]。
|
|
表 5 硝化抑制剂对作物产量的影响 Table 5 Influences of nitrification inhibitors on crop yield |
|
|
表 6 硝化抑制剂对氮肥利用率的影响 Table 6 Influences of nitrification inhibitors on nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUE) |
农田土壤较低的NUE主要归因于与硝化作用相关的氮素损失，如硝酸盐的淋洗和反硝化作用[133]。因此，利用硝化抑制剂抑制NH4+向NO2-的转化，有助于降低土壤NO3-的淋洗并提高作物NUE。Raza等[123]发现在尿素施氮量为220 kg·hm-2（以N计）时，尿素和尿素配施DCD处理的小麦NUE分别为31.2%和38.1%。在不同尿素施氮量下，与仅施用尿素处理相比，尿素配施DMPP处理冬小麦NUE提高4.9~20.1个百分点，同时随着氮肥施用量的增加，DMPP对冬小麦NUE的提升作用逐渐下降[134]。在水稻氮肥利用率的研究中发现，连续两年试验中尿素和尿素+DMPP处理NUE均值分别为35% 和45%[124]。在针对油菜的研究中发现，尿素和尿素+ DCD处理NUE分别为30.7% 和56.9%[135]。也有研究发现菜田土壤中添加DCD并未显著提高NUE[42]。与仅施用尿素相比，尿素配施DCD使番茄NUE增加6.83个百分点[122]。在草地土壤中，施用DCD使NUE明显增加[136]。不同农业生态系统中，硝化抑制剂对作物NUE的影响与作物种类及生长周期、抑制剂种类、肥料类型及施用量、土壤温度和水分等环境因子有关。
3 结论与展望 3.1 结论（1）许多研究已证实，脲酶抑制剂与尿素或有机肥配合施用后能够降低土壤中NH3挥发、N2O排放和NO3-淋洗等形式的氮损失，并提高作物产量、品质及氮肥利用率。
（2）硝化抑制剂DCD和DMPP均能降低土壤N2O排放和NO3-淋洗，并提高作物产量，但极易增加土壤NH3挥发。
（3）不同农田生态系统中脲酶/硝化抑制剂的环境和农学效应与抑制剂种类、氮肥类型和用量、降雨或灌溉量、pH、黏粒含量等土壤理化参数有关。
3.2 展望当前，对氮素增效剂的相关研究大多基于短期的试验结果，有必要开展长期定位试验，系统深入探究其对NH3挥发、N2O排放、NO3-和DON淋洗以及作物产量和品质的影响，并结合最新的分子生物学技术深入研究土壤微生物功能和群落结构以及土壤动物对长期施用脲酶/硝化抑制剂的响应。
脲酶/硝化抑制剂的研究大多集中于尿素水解和氨氧化过程，但对田间反硝化过程及其N2O/N2产物比的影响认知尚不清楚，应进一步分析抑制剂对分子态氮气排放的影响。
现阶段，尽管脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂以及二者复配在化学氮肥中的实际应用逐渐增加，但由于抑制剂本身的化学稳定性有限，并未实现其与动物粪肥的商业化结合。与化学氮肥相比，有机肥造成的NH3挥发、N2O排放和NO3-淋洗通常较高，未来抑制剂与有机肥如何实现稳定结合可能是重要的研究方向之一。
此外，进一步研究开发对环境友好、对植物毒性低、化学性质稳定并具有成本竞争力的新型氮素抑制剂也十分必要。目前，氮素增效剂大多为化工合成产物，从生态环境和人体健康的角度考虑，生物硝化抑制剂将会是未来发展的新方向。
| [1] |
Wang H, Köbke S, Dittert K. Use of urease and nitrification inhibitors to reduce gaseous nitrogen emissions from fertilizers containing ammonium nitrate and urea[J]. Global Ecology and Conservation, 2020, 22: e00933. DOI:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00933 |
| [2] |
张卫峰, 马林, 黄高强, 等. 中国氮肥发展、贡献和挑战[J]. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46(15): 3161-3171. ZHANG Wei-feng, MA Lin, HUANG Gao-qiang, et al. The development and contribution of nitrogenous fertilizer in China and challenges faced by the country[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(15): 3161-3171. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.010 |
| [3] |
Coskun D, Britto D T, Shi W M, et al. Nitrogen transformations in modern agriculture and the role of biological nitrification inhibition[J]. Nature Plants, 2017, 3: 17074. DOI:10.1038/nplants.2017.74 |
| [4] |
Huang X, Song Y, Li M, et al. A high-resolution ammonia emission inventory in China[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2012, 26(1): GB1030. |
| [5] |
Wuebbles D J. Nitrous oxide: No laughing matter[J]. Science, 2009, 326(5949): 56-57. DOI:10.1126/science.1179571 |
| [6] |
Tian H, Xu R, Canadell J G, et al. A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks[J]. Nature, 2020, 586(7828): 248-256. DOI:10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0 |
| [7] |
Vitousek P M, Aber J D, Howarth R W, et al. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Sources and consequences[J]. Ecological Applications, 1997, 7(3): 737-750. |
| [8] |
马芬, 杨荣全, 郭李萍. 控制氮肥施用引起的活性氮气体排放: 脲酶/硝化抑制剂研究进展与展望[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2020, 39(4): 908-922. MA Fen, YANG Rong-quan, GUO Li-ping. Decrease the emission of active nitrogen gases in nitrogen fertilizer application: Research progresses and perspectives of urease /nitrification inhibitors[J]. Journal of Agro-Environmental Science, 2020, 39(4): 908-922. |
| [9] |
Zaman M, Saggar S, Blennerhassett J D, et al. Effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on N transformation, gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide, pasture yield and N uptake in grazed pasture system[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009, 41(6): 1270-1280. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.03.011 |
| [10] |
Heffer P, Prud'homme M. Fertilizer outlook 2015-2019[R]. Istanbul: 83rd IFA Annual Conference, 2015.
|
| [11] |
Zaman M, Nguyen M L, Blennerhassett J D, et al. Reducing NH3, N2O and NO-3 losses from a pasture soil with urease or nitrification inhibitors and elemental S-amended nitrogenous fertilizers[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2008, 44: 693-705. DOI:10.1007/s00374-007-0252-4 |
| [12] |
Bolan N, Saggar S, Singh J. The role of inhibitors in mitigating nitrogen losses in grazed pasture[J]. New Zealand Soil News, 2004, 52: 52-58. |
| [13] |
Engel R E, Jones C, Wallander R. Ammonia volatilization from urea and mitigation by NBPT following surface application to cold soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2011, 75: 2348-2357. DOI:10.2136/sssaj2011.0229 |
| [14] |
Arp D J, Stein L Y. Metabolism of inorganic N compounds by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria[J]. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2003, 38: 471-495. DOI:10.1080/10409230390267446 |
| [15] |
Byrnes B, Vilsmeier K, Austin E, et al. Degradation of the urease inhibitor phenyl phosphorodiamidate in solutions and floodwaters[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1989, 37: 473-477. DOI:10.1021/jf00086a044 |
| [16] |
Silva A G B, Sequeira C H, Sermarini R A, et al. Urease inhibitor NBPT on ammonia volatilization and crop productivity: A meta-analysis[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2017, 109(1): 1-13. DOI:10.2134/agronj2016.04.0200 |
| [17] |
Singh J, Kunhikrishnan A, Bolan N S, et al. Impact of urease inhibitor on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from temperate pasture soil cores receiving urea fertilizer and cattle urea[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 465: 56-63. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.018 |
| [18] |
Chien S H, Edmeades D, McBride R, et al. Review of maleic-itaconic acid copolymer purported as urease inhibitor and phosphorus enhancer in soils[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2014, 106(2): 423-430. DOI:10.2134/agronj2013.0214 |
| [19] |
Manunza B, Deiana S, Pintore M, et al. The binding mechanism of urea, hydroxamic acid and N-(n-butyl)-phosphoric triamide to the urease active site: A comparative molecular dynamics study[J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1999, 31(5): 789-796. |
| [20] |
Engel R E, Willians E, Wallander R, et al. Apparent persistence of N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide is greater in alkaline[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2013, 77: 1424-1429. DOI:10.2136/sssaj2012.0380 |
| [21] |
Hendrickson L L, Douglass E A. Metabolism of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide(NBPT)in soils[J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1993, 25(11): 1613-1618. |
| [22] |
Shi X, Hu H W, Kelly K, et al. Response of ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers to repeated applications of a nitrification inhibitor and a urease inhibitor in two pasture soils[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2017, 17: 974-984. DOI:10.1007/s11368-016-1588-x |
| [23] |
Xi R, Long X E, Huang S, et al. pH rather than nitrification and urease inhibitors determines the community of ammonia oxidizers in a vegetable soil[J]. AMB Express, 2017, 7(1): 129. DOI:10.1186/s13568-017-0426-x |
| [24] |
Pan B, Lam S K, Mosier A, et al. Ammonia volatilization from synthetic fertilizers and its mitigation strategies: A global synthesis[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2016, 232: 283-289. |
| [25] |
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Statistics division[EB/OL]. [2020-06-29]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.accessed2.3.18.
|
| [26] |
Cantarella H, Mattos D, Quaggio J A, et al. Fruit yield of Valencia sweet orange fertilized with different N sources and the loss of applied N[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2003, 67: 215-23. DOI:10.1023/B:FRES.0000003600.20499.76 |
| [27] |
Cantarella H, Otto R, Soares J R, et al. Agronomic efficiency of NBPT as a urease inhibitor: A review[J]. Journal of Advanced Research, 2018, 13: 19-27. DOI:10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.008 |
| [28] |
张文学, 孙刚, 何萍, 等. 脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田氨挥发的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19: 1411-1419. ZHANG Wen-xue, SUN Gang, HE Ping, et al. Effects of urease and nitrification inhibitors on ammonia volatilization from paddy fields[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2013, 19: 1411-1419. DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2013.0615 |
| [29] |
Soares J R, Cantarella H, de Campos Menegale M L. Ammonia volatilization losses from surface-applied urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2012, 52: 82-89. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019 |
| [30] |
Li J, Shi Y, Luo J, et al. Use of nitrogen process inhibitors for reducing gaseous nitrogen losses from land-applied farm effluents[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2014, 50: 133-145. DOI:10.1007/s00374-013-0842-2 |
| [31] |
Hargrove W L. Soil, environmental, and management factors influencing ammonia volatilization under field conditions[M]//Ammonia volatilization from urea fertilizers. Muscle Shoals: AL, 1988: 17-36.
|
| [32] |
Sigurdarson J J, Svane S, Karring H. The molecular processes of urea hydrolysis in relation to ammonia emissions from agriculture[J]. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 2018, 17: 241-258. DOI:10.1007/s11157-018-9466-1 |
| [33] |
Tasca F A, Ernani P R, Rogeri D A, et al. Ammonia volatilization following soil application of conventional urea or urea with urease inhibitor[J]. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2011, 35: 493-502. DOI:10.1590/S0100-06832011000200018 |
| [34] |
Engel R E, Towey B D, Gravens E. Degradation of the urease inhibitor NBPT as affected by soil pH[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2015, 79: 1674-1683. DOI:10.2136/sssaj2015.05.0169 |
| [35] |
Soares J R. Effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on NH3 volatilization with surface-application of urea to soil[D]. Campinas: Agronomic Institute of Campinas, 2011.
|
| [36] |
Holcomb J C, Sullivan D M, Horneck D A, et al. Effect of irrigation rate on ammonia volatilization[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2011, 75: 2341-2347. DOI:10.2136/sssaj2010.0446 |
| [37] |
Dickinson R E, Cicerone R J. Future global warming from atmospheric trace gases[J]. Nature, 1986, 319: 109-115. DOI:10.1038/319109a0 |
| [38] |
Ravishankara A R, Daniel J S, Portmann R W. Nitrous oxide(N2O): The dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st Century[J]. Science, 2009, 326: 123-125. DOI:10.1126/science.1176985 |
| [39] |
Gu J, Wu Y, Tian Z, et al. Nitrogen use efficiency, crop water productivity and nitrous oxide emissions from Chinese greenhouse vegetables: A meta-analysis[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 743: 140696. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140696 |
| [40] |
Chen H H, Li X C, Hu F, et al. Soil nitrous oxide emissions following crop residue addition: A meta-analysis[J]. Global Change Biology, 2013, 19(10): 2956-2964. DOI:10.1111/gcb.12274 |
| [41] |
Shcherbak I, Millar N, Robertson G P. Global meta-analysis of the nonlinear response of soil nitrous oxide(N2O)emissions to fertilizer nitrogen[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(25): 9199-9204. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1322434111 |
| [42] |
Cui F, Yan G X, Zhou Z X, et al. Annual emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from a wheat-maize cropping system on a silt loam calcareous soil in the North China Plain[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2012, 48: 10-19. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.01.007 |
| [43] |
Zhang Y Y, Mu Y J, Zhou Y Z, et al. NO and N2O emissions from agricultural fields in the North China Plain: Origination and mitigation[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 551: 197-204. |
| [44] |
Ding W X, Yu H Y, Cai Z C. Impact of urease and nitrification inhibitors on nitrous oxide emissions from fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2011, 47(1): 91-99. DOI:10.1007/s00374-010-0504-6 |
| [45] |
Dawar K, Zaman M, Rowarth J S, et al. Urease inhibitor reduces N losses and improves plant-bioavailability of urea applied in fine particle and granular forms under field conditions[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2011, 144(1): 41-50. |
| [46] |
Martins M R., Sant'Anna S A C, Zaman M, et al. Strategies for the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors with urea: Impact on N2O and NH3 emissions, fertilizer-15N recovery and maize yield in a tropical soil[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2017, 247: 54-62. |
| [47] |
Zhao Z C, Wu D, Bol R, et al. Nitrification inhibitor' s effect on mitigating N2O emissions was weakened by urease inhibitor in calcareous soils[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2017, 166: 142-150. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.07.034 |
| [48] |
Fan X, Yin C, Yan G, et al. The contrasting effects of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide(NBPT)on N2O emissions in arable soils differing in pH are underlain by complex microbial mechanisms[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 642: 155-167. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.356 |
| [49] |
Akiyama H, Yan X Y, Yagi K. Evaluation of effectiveness of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers as mitigation options for N2O and NO emissions from agricultural soils: Meta-analysis[J]. Global Change Biology, 2010, 16: 1837-1846. |
| [50] |
Lu J, Bai Z, Velthof G L, et al. Accumulation and leaching of nitrate in soils in wheat-maize production in China[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2019, 212: 407-415. DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2018.08.039 |
| [51] |
Min J, Zhang H, Shi W. Optimizing nitrogen input to reduce nitrate leaching loss in greenhouse vegetable production[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2012, 111: 53-59. DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2012.05.003 |
| [52] |
D'Haene K, Salomez J, De Neve S, et al. Environmental performance of nitrogen fertiliser limits imposed by the EU Nitrates Directive[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2014, 192: 67-79. |
| [53] |
Sanz-Cobena A, Sánchez-Martín L, García-Torres L, et al. Gaseous emissions of N2O and NO and NO-3 leaching from urea applied with urease and nitrification inhibitors to a maize(Zea mays)crop[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2012, 149: 64-73. |
| [54] |
周旋, 吴良欢, 董春华, 等. 氮肥配施生化抑制剂组合对黄泥田土壤氮素淋溶特征的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2019, 39(5): 324-334. ZHOU Xuan, WU Liang-huan, DONG Chun-hua, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilization combined with biochemical inhibitors on leaching characteristics of soil nitrogen in yellow clayey soil[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(5): 324-334. |
| [55] |
Dawar K, Khan I, Khan S, et al. Effect of urea with or without urease inhibitor(NBPT)and herbicide on maize yield[J]. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 2011, 17(2): 187-194. |
| [56] |
Drury C F, Yang X, Reynolds W D, et al. Combining urease and nitrification inhibitors with incorporation reduces ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions and increases corn yields[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2017, 46: 939-949. DOI:10.2134/jeq2017.03.0106 |
| [57] |
Abalos D, Jeffery S, Sanz-Cobena A, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2014, 189: 136-144. |
| [58] |
张文学, 杨成春, 王少先, 等. 脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2017, 31(4): 417-424. ZHANG Wen-xue, YANG Cheng-chun, WANG Shao-xian, et al. Effects of urease inhibitor and nitrification inhibitor on nitrogen transformation in paddy soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2017, 31(4): 417-424. |
| [59] |
Suter H, Lam S K, Walker C, et al. Enhanced efficiency fertilisers reduce nitrous oxide emissions and improve fertiliser 15N recovery in a southern Australian pasture[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 699: 134147. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134147 |
| [60] |
Rinaldi L F, Garcia P L, Sermarini R A, et al. 15N-urea efficiency in maize as influenced by humic substances and urease inhibitors treatments[J]. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2019, 50(2): 198-208. DOI:10.1080/00103624.2018.1556679 |
| [61] |
Kawakami E M, Oosterhuis D M, Snider J L, et al. Physiological and yield responses of field-grown cotton to application of urea with the urease inhibitor NBPT and the nitrification inhibitor DCD[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2012, 43: 147-154. DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2012.06.005 |
| [62] |
Ju X T, Xing G X, Chen X P, et al. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009, 106(9): 3041-3046. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0813417106 |
| [63] |
Huang S, Lv W, Bloszies S, et al. Effects of fertilizer management practices on yield-scaled ammonia emissions from croplands in China: A meta-analysis[J]. Field Crops Research, 2016, 192: 118-125. DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2016.04.023 |
| [64] |
Linquist B A, Liu L, van Kessel C, et al. Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers for rice systems: Meta-analysis of yield and nitrogen uptake[J]. Field Crops Research, 2013, 154: 246-254. DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2013.08.014 |
| [65] |
Dempsey R J, Slaton N A, Norman R, et al. Ammonia volatilization, rice yield, and nitrogen uptake responses to simulated rainfall and urease inhibitor[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2017, 109(1): 363-377. DOI:10.2134/agronj2016.06.0374 |
| [66] |
Chen D, Suter H, Islam A, et al. Prospects of improving efficiency of fertiliser nitrogen in Australian agriculture: A review of enhanced efficiency fertilisers[J]. Soil Research, 2008, 46(4): 289-301. DOI:10.1071/SR07197 |
| [67] |
Chatterjee A. Additions of ammonium sulfate and urease inhibitor with urea to improve spring wheat and sugar beet yield[J]. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2018, 64(10): 1459-1464. DOI:10.1080/03650340.2018.1436762 |
| [68] |
串丽敏, 赵同科. 脲酶抑制剂NBPT对油菜生长及品质的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2012, 26(5): 268-271. CHUAN Li-min, ZHAO Tong-ke. Effects of NBPT urease inhibitor on the growth and quality of rape[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(5): 268-271. |
| [69] |
Khan I, Zaman M, Khan M J, et al. How to improve yield and quality of potatoes: Effects of two rates of urea N, urease inhibitor and cytozyme nutritional program[J]. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2014, 14(2): 268-276. |
| [70] |
Dawar K, Khan I, Khan S, et al. Effect of urea with or without urease inhibitor(NBPT)and herbicide on maize yield[J]. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 2011, 17(2): 187-194. |
| [71] |
Bryant R J, Anders M, McClung A. Impact of production practices on physicochemical properties of rice grain quality[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2012, 92(3): 564-569. DOI:10.1002/jsfa.4608 |
| [72] |
Perez C M, Juliano B O, De Datta S K, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatment and source and season on grain quality of IR64 rice[J]. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 1990, 40(2): 123-130. DOI:10.1007/BF02193769 |
| [73] |
王敬国. 生物地球化学-物质循环与土壤过程[M]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2017. WANG Jing-guo. Biogeochemistry: Material cycles and soil processes[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2017. |
| [74] |
Worfram Z, Thomas B, Jürgen D, et al. 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP): A new nitrification inhibitor for agriculture and horticulture[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2001, 34(2): 79-84. DOI:10.1007/s003740100380 |
| [75] |
Abalos D, Jeffery S, Sanz-Cobena A, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2014, 189: 136-144. |
| [76] |
IPCC. Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group Ⅲ to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
|
| [77] |
Qiao C L, Liu L L, Hu S J, et al. How inhibiting nitrification affects nitrogen cycle and reduces environmental impacts of anthropogenic nitrogen input[J]. Global Change Biology, 2015, 21: 1249-1257. DOI:10.1111/gcb.12802 |
| [78] |
Zacherl B, Amberger A. Effect of the nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide, nitrapyrin and thiourea on Nitrosomonas europaea[J]. Fertilizer Research, 1990, 22: 37-44. DOI:10.1007/BF01054805 |
| [79] |
Lehtovirta-Morley L E, Verhamme D T, Nicol G W, et al. Effect of nitrification inhibitors on the growth and activity of Nitrosotalea devanaterra in culture and soil[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2013, 62: 129-133. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.01.020 |
| [80] |
Florio A, Clark I M, Hirsch P R, et al. Effects of the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP)on abundance and activity of ammonia oxidizers in soil[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2014, 50: 795-807. DOI:10.1007/s00374-014-0897-8 |
| [81] |
Duan Y F, Kong X W, Schramm A, et al. Microbial N transformations and N2O emission after simulated grassland cultivation: Effects of the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP)[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2017, 83(1): e02019-16. |
| [82] |
Kleineidam K, Košmrlj K, Kublik S, et al. Influence of the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP)on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in rhizosphere and bulk soil[J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 84: 182-186. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.086 |
| [83] |
Chen Q H, Qi L Y, Bi Q F, et al. Comparative effects of 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP)and dicyandiamide(DCD)on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in a vegetable soil[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2015, 99: 477-487. DOI:10.1007/s00253-014-6026-7 |
| [84] |
Shi X, Hu H W, Müller C, et al. Effects of the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate on nitrification and nitrifiers in two contrasting agricultural soils[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2016, 82: 5236-5248. DOI:10.1128/AEM.01031-16 |
| [85] |
Li J, Shi Y L, Luo J F, et al. Effects of 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP)on the abundance of ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in two different intensive vegetable cultivation soils[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2019, 19: 1250-1259. DOI:10.1007/s11368-018-2155-4 |
| [86] |
Dong X X, Zhang L L, Wu Z J, et al. The response of nitrifier, N-fixer and denitrifier gene copy numbers to the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate[J]. Plant, Soil and Environment, 2013, 59: 398-403. DOI:10.17221/165/2013-PSE |
| [87] |
Kou Y P, Wei K, Chen G X, et al. Effects of 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate and dicyandiamide on nitrous oxide emission in a greenhouse vegetable soil[J]. Plant, Soil and Environment, 2015, 61: 29-35. |
| [88] |
Barrena I, Menéndez S, Correa-Galeote D, et al. Soil water content modulates the effect of the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP)on nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria[J]. Geoderma, 2017, 303: 1-8. DOI:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.04.022 |
| [89] |
Müller C, Stevens R J, Laughlin R J, et al. The nitrification inhibitor DMPP had no effect on denitrifying enzyme activity[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2002, 34: 1825-1827. DOI:10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00165-7 |
| [90] |
Zaman M, Nguyen M L. How application timings of urease and nitrification inhibitors affect N losses from urine patches in pastoral system[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment, 2012, 156: 37-48. DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2012.04.025 |
| [91] |
Lam S K, Suter H, Davies R, et al. Direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions from two intensive vegetable farms applied with a nitrification inhibitor[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2018, 116: 48-51. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.10.008 |
| [92] |
Asing J, Saggar S, Singh J, et al. Assessment of nitrogen losses from urea and an organic manure with and without nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide, applied to lettuce under glasshouse conditions[J]. Soil Research, 2008, 46: 535-541. DOI:10.1071/SR07206 |
| [93] |
Menéndez S, Merino P, Pinto M, et al. 3, 4-dimethylpyrazol phosphate effect on nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, ammonia, and carbon dioxide emissions from grasslands[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2006, 35: 973-981. DOI:10.2134/jeq2005.0320 |
| [94] |
Lam S K, Suter H, Mosier A R, et al. Using nitrification inhibitors to mitigate agricultural N2O emission: A double-edged sword?[J]. Global Change Biology, 2017, 23: 485-489. DOI:10.1111/gcb.13338 |
| [95] |
Zaman M, Zaman S, Nguyen M L, et al. The effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from simulated urine patches in pastoral system: A two-year study[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 465: 97-106. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.014 |
| [96] |
Fan C, Li B, Xiong Z Q. Nitrification inhibitors mitigated reactive gaseous nitrogen intensity in intensive vegetable soils from China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 612: 480-489. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.159 |
| [97] |
Zhang M, Fan C H, Li Q L, et al. A 2-yr field assessment of the effects of chemical and biological nitrification inhibitors on nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen use efficiency in an intensively managed vegetable cropping system[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2015, 201: 43-50. |
| [98] |
Shamsuzzaman S M, Hanafi M M H, Samsuri A W, et al. Impact of nitrification inhibitor with organic manure and urea on nitrogen dynamics and N2O emission in acid sulphate soil[J]. Bragantia, 2016, 75(1): 108-117. |
| [99] |
Dai Y, Di H J, Cameron K C, et al. Effects of nitrogen application rate and a nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on ammonia oxidizers and N2O emissions in a grazed pasture soil[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 465: 125-135. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.091 |
| [100] |
Weiske A, Benckiser G, Herbert T, et al. Influence of the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP)in comparison to dicyandiamide(DCD)on nitrous oxide emissions, carbon dioxide fluxes and methane oxidation during 3 years of repeated application in field experiments[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2001, 34(2): 109-117. DOI:10.1007/s003740100386 |
| [101] |
Kong X, Eriksen J, Petersen S O. Evaluation of the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP)for mitigating soil N2O emissions after grassland cultivation[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2018, 259: 174-183. |
| [102] |
Liu C, Wang K, Zheng X. Effects of nitrification inhibitors(DCD and DMPP)on nitrous oxide emission, crop yield, and nitrogen uptake in a wheat-maize cropping system[J]. Biogeosciences, 2013, 10: 2427-2437. DOI:10.5194/bg-10-2427-2013 |
| [103] |
Huang T, Gao B, Hu X K, et al. Ammonia-oxidation as an engine to generate nitrous oxide in an intensively managed calcareous fluvo-aquic soil[J]. Scientific Reports, 2014, 4: 3950. |
| [104] |
Liu R, Hayden H, Suter H, et al. The effect of nitrification inhibitors in reducing nitrification and the ammonia oxidizer population in three contrasting soils[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2015, 15(5): 1113-1118. DOI:10.1007/s11368-015-1086-6 |
| [105] |
Robinson A, Di H J, Cameron K C, et al. The effect of soil pH and dicyandiamide(DCD)on N2O emissions and ammonia oxidiser abundance in a stimulated grazed pasture soil[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2014, 14(8): 1434-1444. DOI:10.1007/s11368-014-0888-2 |
| [106] |
Martikainen P J. Nitrous oxide emission associated with autotrophic ammonium oxidation in acid coniferous forest soil[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1985, 50: 1519-1525. DOI:10.1128/aem.50.6.1519-1525.1985 |
| [107] |
De Klein C, Novoa R S A, Ogle S, et al. N2O emissions from managed soils, and CO2 emissions from lime and urea application[R]//Eggleston H S, Buendia L, Miwa K, et al. IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Hayama: IGES, 2006.
|
| [108] |
Wu D, Cárdenas L M, Calvet S, et al. The effect of nitrification inhibitor on N2O, NO and N2 emissions under different soil moisture levels in a permanent grassland soil[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2017, 113: 153-160. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.06.007 |
| [109] |
Friedl J, Scheer C, Rowlings D W, et al. The nitrification inhibitor DMPP(3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) reduces N2 emissions from intensively managed pastures in subtropical Australia[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2017, 108: 55-64. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.01.016 |
| [110] |
Cai Y J, Akiyama H. Effects of inhibitors and biochar on nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate leaching, and plant nitrogen uptake from urine patches of grazing animals on grasslands: A meta-analysis[J]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2017, 63(4): 405-414. DOI:10.1080/00380768.2017.1367627 |
| [111] |
Di H J, Cameron K C. The use of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide(DCD), to decrease nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions in a simulated grazed and irrigated grassland[J]. Soil Use and Management, 2002, 18(4): 395-403. DOI:10.1079/SUM2002151 |
| [112] |
Monaghan R M, Smith L C, Ledgard S F. The effectiveness of a granular formulation of dicyandiamide(DCD) in limiting nitrate leaching from a grazed dairy pasture[J]. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 2009, 52(2): 145-159. DOI:10.1080/00288230909510499 |
| [113] |
Welten B G, Ledgard S F, Schipper L A, et al. Effect of amending cattle urine with dicyandiamide on soil nitrogen dynamics and leaching of urinary-nitrogen[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2013, 167: 12-22. |
| [114] |
Di H J, Cameron K C, Shen J P, et al. A lysimeter study of nitrate leaching from grazed grassland as affected by a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide, and relationships with ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea[J]. Soil Use and Management, 2009, 25(4): 454-461. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00241.x |
| [115] |
Li H, Chen Y, Liang X, et al. Mineral-nitrogen leaching and ammonia volatilization from a rice-rapeseed system as affected by 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2009, 38(5): 2131-2137. DOI:10.2134/jeq2008.0476 |
| [116] |
Cui M, Sun X, Hu C, et al. Effective mitigation of nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions in intensive vegetable production systems using a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2011, 11(5): 722-730. DOI:10.1007/s11368-011-0357-0 |
| [117] |
Xu J, Zhu T, Xue W, et al. Influences of nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP)and application method on nitrogen dynamics at the centimeter-scale[J]. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2019, 90: 44-50. DOI:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.12.004 |
| [118] |
Di H J, Cameron K C. Effects of the nitrification inhibitor, diacyandiamide on potassium, magnesium and calcium leaching in grazed grassland[J]. Soil Use and Management, 2004, 20: 2-7. DOI:10.1079/SUM2003205 |
| [119] |
Yu Y Q, Ye X Z, Chen Y X, et al. Influences of nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate on nitrogen and soil salt-ion leaching[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2008, 20(3): 304-308. DOI:10.1016/S1001-0742(08)60048-0 |
| [120] |
Di H J, Cameron K C. Inhibition of nitrification to mitigate nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions in grazed grassland: A review[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2006, 16(5): 1401-1420. DOI:10.1007/s11368-016-1403-8 |
| [121] |
Majumdar D, Pathak H, Kumar S, et al. Nitrous oxide emission from a sandy loam inceptisol under irrigated wheat in India as influenced by different nitrification inhibitors[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2002, 91(1/2/3): 283-293. |
| [122] |
Guo Y, Li B, Di H, et al. Effects of dicyandiamide(DCD)on nitrate leaching, gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide in a greenhouse vegetable production system in northern China[J]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2012, 58(5): 647-658. DOI:10.1080/00380768.2012.726921 |
| [123] |
Raza S, Chen Z, Ahmed M, et al. Dicyandiamide application improved nitrogen use efficiency and decreased nitrogen losses in wheat-maize crop rotation in Loess Plateau[J]. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2019, 65(4): 450-464. DOI:10.1080/03650340.2018.1506584 |
| [124] |
王斌, 万运帆, 郭晨, 等. 控释尿素、稳定性尿素和配施菌剂尿素提高双季稻产量和氮素利用率的效应比较[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(5): 1104-1112. WANG Bin, WAN Yun-fan, GUO Chen, et al. A comparison of the effects of controlled release urea, stable urea and microorganisms increasing double rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2015, 21(5): 1104-1112. |
| [125] |
Rowlings D W, Scheer C, Liu S, et al. Annual nitrogen dynamics and urea fertilizer recoveries from a dairy pasture using 15N: Effect of nitrification inhibitor DMPP and reduced application rates[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2016, 216: 216-225. |
| [126] |
Wang B, Li Y E, Wan Y, et al. Modifying nitrogen fertilizer practices can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from a Chinese double rice cropping system[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2016, 215: 100-109. |
| [127] |
Pasda G, Hähndel R, Zerulla W. Effect of fertilizers with the new nitrification inhibitor DMPP(3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate)on yield and quality of agricultural and horticultural crops[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2001, 34(2): 85-97. DOI:10.1007/s003740100381 |
| [128] |
Kim D G, Saggar S, Roudier P. The effect of nitrification inhibitors on soil ammonia emissions in nitrogen managed soils: A meta-analysis[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2012, 93: 51-64. DOI:10.1007/s10705-012-9498-9 |
| [129] |
赵欧亚, 张春锋, 孙世友, 等. 含硝化抑制剂型水溶肥对温室黄瓜产量和品质的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2017, 32(S1): 233-238. ZHAO Ou-ya, ZHANG Chun-feng, SUN Shi-you, et al. Effects of soluble fertilizer with nitrification inhibitor on yield and quality of cucumber in greenhouse[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2017, 32(S1): 233-238. DOI:10.7668/hbnxb.2017.S1.040 |
| [130] |
尹兴, 张丽娟, 李博文, 等. 氮肥与双氰胺配施对温室番茄生产及活性氮排放的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(9): 1725-1734. YIN Xing, ZHANG Li-juan, LI Bo-wen, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and dicyandiamide application on tomato growth and reactive nitrogen emissions in greenhouse[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(9): 1725-1734. |
| [131] |
Ministry for Primary Industries. News: DCD suspension supported [EB/OL]. (2013-01-24). http://www.mpi.govt.nz/newsresources/news/dcd-suspension-supported.
|
| [132] |
伍少福, 吴良欢, 尹一萌, 等. 含硝化抑制剂复合肥对西瓜黄瓜产量和营养品质的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2006, 25(6): 1432-1435. WU Shao-fu, WU Liang-huan, YIN Yi-meng, et al. Effects of compound fertilizer with N nitrification inhibitor on the yield and nutrition quality of watermelon and cucumber[J]. Journal of Ago-Environment Science, 2006, 25(6): 1432-1435. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1672-2043.2006.06.008 |
| [133] |
Cui Z, Zhang F, Chen X., et al. In-season nitrogen management strategy for winter wheat: Maximizing yields, minimizing environmental impact in an over-fertilization context[J]. Field Crops Research, 2010, 116: 140-146. DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2009.12.004 |
| [134] |
刘红江, 殷跃军, 郭智, 等. 硝化抑制剂对小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2019, 38(2): 443-449. LIU Hong-jiang, YIN Yue-jun, GUO Zhi, et al. Effect of nitrification inhibitor on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2019, 38(2): 443-449. |
| [135] |
宋燕燕, 赵秀娟, 张淑香, 等. 水肥一体化配合硝化/脲酶抑制剂实现油菜减氮增效研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(3): 632-640. SONG Yan-yan, ZHAO Xiu-juan, ZHANG Shu-xiang, et al. Reducing nitrogen input and improving yield and quality of rape through combination of fertigation and nitrification/urease inhibitor addition[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2017, 23(3): 632-640. |
| [136] |
Di H J, Cameron K C. Nitrate leaching losses and pasture yields as affected by different rates of animal urine nitrogen returns and application of a nitrification inhibitor: A lysimeter study[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2007, 79(3): 281-290. DOI:10.1007/s10705-007-9115-5 |