不同动物粪肥的磷素形态特征及有效性分析

严正娟; 陈硕; 王敏锋; 宋梓玮; 贾伟; 陈清

文章摘要

不同动物粪肥的磷素形态特征及有效性分析

Characteristics and Availability of Different Forms of Phosphorus in Animal Manures

Received:October 18, 2014

DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2014.0283

中文关键词: 动物粪肥;磷组分;反刍动物;非反刍动物;磷素移动性

英文关键词: animal manure;P fractions;ruminant animal;non-ruminant animal;P mobility

基金项目:“十二五”农村领域国家科技计划课题(2012BAD14B04-2,2012BAD15B01-4)

Author Name	Affiliation	E-mail
YAN Zheng-juan	College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
CHEN Shuo	College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
WANG Min-feng	College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
SONG Zi-wei	College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
JIA Wei	College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
CHEN Qing	College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China	qchen@cau.edu.cn

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中文摘要:

我国规模化养殖业的快速发展导致动物粪肥数量急剧增加,合理利用畜禽粪肥中的大量磷素,不仅可节约磷矿资源,而且避免由于粪肥直接排放和农田过量施用所带来的水体面源污染问题。本研究结合调研工作,采集了52个典型养殖场的76个动物粪肥样品,采用Hedley 磷分组方法,系统分析了不同粪肥中磷素含量及其组分特征,评价不同形态磷素在土壤中的移动性及其环境风险,为合理磷素管理提供参考。结果表明:不同动物粪肥的全磷含量差异很大,猪粪、鸡粪、鸭粪、牛粪和羊粪的平均含量分别为22.5、13.7、12.9、9.6 g P·kg^-1和7.5 g P·kg^-1,其中粪肥中的有机磷占总磷的比例分别为33.1%、41.5%、66.4%、28.1%和36.8%。非反刍动物粪肥(猪粪、鸡粪、鸭粪)中全磷含量和有机磷含量分别为反刍动物粪肥(牛粪和羊粪)中全磷和有机磷含量的1.7~3.0 倍和2.1~3.0 倍,以鸡鸭粪肥中有机磷占全磷的比例最高;非反刍动物粪肥C/P 比(19~29)明显低于反刍动物粪肥C/P 比(38~45),其中的磷素更易矿化;依次采用H₂O、NaHCO₃、NaOH 和HCl作为提取剂提取动物粪肥的磷素组分,反刍动物粪肥中H₂O-P、NaHCO₃-P、NaOH-P、HCl-P 和残余态磷分别为总磷的27.8%、32.8%、18.1%、15.2%和6.1%;而非反刍动物粪肥中的各磷素组分的比例分别为24.6%、19.4%、12.7%、34.4%和8.9%;两者主要在NaHCO₃-P和HCl-P组分存在差异。综上所述,反刍动物粪肥中活性磷(H₂O-P 和NaHCO₃-P)的比例更高,超过总磷的60%,而非反刍动物粪肥更易矿化分解的特征导致其可以很快释放活性磷,两者均具有很高的磷素有效性。因此,长期而言,在等粪肥磷投入情况下,两者的环境风险差异不大;而在等粪肥用量情况下,非反刍动物粪肥中更高的磷素含量会导致更高的环境风险。

英文摘要:

The rapid development of intensive livestock industry has greatly increased the discharge of animal manure. Reasonable utilization of large amounts of phosphorus(P)in animal manure can not only save the fertilizer resource, but also avoid water pollution from manure due to direct discharge or excess application in farmland. In this study, P contents and fractionation in 76 animal manures were analyzed using Hedley P fractionation method based on the survey for 52 livestock farms, and P mobility and environmental risks in different manures were evaluated as the reference for manure P management. The results showed that there were significant differences in total P content of animal manures. The mean P contents were 22.5, 13.7, 12.9, 9.6 g P·kg^-1 and 7.5 g P·kg^-1, in which the proportion of organic P in total P were 33.1%, 41.5%, 66.4%, 28.1%and 36.8%in pig, chicken, duck, cattle and sheep manures, respectively. The contents of total and organic P in non-ruminant animal manure(pig, chicken and duck manures)were 1.7~3.0 times and 2.1~3.0 times greater than that in ruminant manure (cattle and sheep manures)and the proportion of organic P in total P in poultry manure was higher than that in other manures. P mineraliza-tion was easier in non-ruminant animal manure with lower C/P ratio(19~29), compared with that in ruminant manure with C/P ratio of 38~45. Manure P was sequentially extracted by deionized water(H₂O-P), NaHCO₃(NaHCO₃-P), NaOH(NaOH-P)and HCl(HCl-P). The pro-portion of H₂O-P, NaHCO₃-P, NaOH-P, HCl-P and residual-P in total P in ruminant animal manure were 27.8%, 32.8%, 18.1%, 15.2%and 6.1%, respectively, while that were 24.6%, 19.4%, 12.7%, 34.4% and 8.9% in non-ruminant animal manure. The significant differences were in NaHCO₃-P and HCl-P between ruminant and non-ruminant animal manures. Ruminant manure had greater proportion of liable P (H₂O-P and NaHCO₃-P)in total P(>60%), but the characteristics of higher mineralization rate might result in fast release of liable P in nonruminant animal manure. Both ruminant and non-ruminant animals have high availability of P in manures. Therefore, the contribution of long-term application non-ruminant animal manure to environmental risk is similar to application of ruminant animal manure with applica-tion of the same amount of P. However, due to the higher P content, the former may contribute to higher environmental risk, compared with latter based on application of the same amount of manure.

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