砂姜黑土麦玉轮作不同施氮量下土壤矿质氮运移规律及分布特征

吕金岭; 高燕哺; 骆晓声; 郭战玲; 李太魁

文章摘要

砂姜黑土麦玉轮作不同施氮量下土壤矿质氮运移规律及分布特征

Characteristics of soil mineral nitrogen distribution and nitrogen transport under different nitrogen application rates and wheat-maize rotation in lime concretion black soil

投稿时间：2024-01-10

DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2024.0019

中文关键词: 砂姜黑土氮素运移极端降雨 ¹⁵N标记麦玉轮作

英文关键词: lime concretion black soil nitrogen transport extreme rainfall ¹⁵N labeling wheat and maize rotation

基金项目:河南省农业科学院杰出青年基金项目（2023JQ04）；国家自然科学基金项目（41807098）；河南省重大科技专项（221100110700）；河南省科技攻关项目（232102110016）

作者	单位
吕金岭	河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所, 郑州 450002 农业农村部原阳农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站, 河南新乡 453500 河南省农业生态环境重点实验室, 郑州 450002
高燕哺	河南省生态环境监测中心, 郑州 450002
骆晓声	河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所, 郑州 450002 农业农村部原阳农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站, 河南新乡 453500 河南省农业生态环境重点实验室, 郑州 450002
郭战玲	河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所, 郑州 450002 农业农村部原阳农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站, 河南新乡 453500 河南省农业生态环境重点实验室, 郑州 450002
李太魁	河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所, 郑州 450002 农业农村部原阳农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站, 河南新乡 453500 河南省农业生态环境重点实验室, 郑州 450002

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中文摘要:

砂姜黑土是黄淮海地区的一类典型农田土壤，由于存在明显的砂姜层以及易产生多发性裂隙，砂姜黑土的氮素迁移分布存在不确定性。鉴于此，本研究设置CK（无氮磷钾肥）、TR（传统高氮）、OPT（优化施氮）和ZOPT（再优化施氮）4个处理，采用剖面取样和同位素示踪方法，探究砂姜黑土麦玉轮作氮素运移规律及作物吸收利用率。结果显示，长期施肥条件下，砂姜黑土NO^-₃-N残留量主要集中在0~20 cm土层，其次为50~60 cm土层，120 cm以下NO^-₃-N残留量低且变化不显著；从3季取样来看，不同施氮处理 NO^-₃-N残留量主要在 0~20 cm和 40~60 cm层，20~40 cm层最低。其中第 1季（玉米季）不同处理当季 ¹⁵N残留量主要集中在 0~20 cm土层，其余土层较低；第2季（小麦季）0~20 cm土层 ¹⁵N残留量增加显著，其余土层增幅较小；第3季（玉米季）由于极端降雨的影响，0~20 cm土层 ¹⁵N占比下降，¹⁵N残留量占比由第2季的71.0%~83.0%降低至52.3%~56.5%，20~60 cm土层 ¹⁵N残留量增幅明显，80~100 cm土层有小幅上升。各处理三季作物产量无显著差异（P>0.05），而 ¹⁵N利用效率表现为ZOPT>OPT>TR，说明190 kg·hm^-2施氮量可满足砂姜黑土当季麦玉轮作氮素需求。除此之外，不同处理 3季平均氮素损失在 31.8%~36.4%之间，其中 TR处理最高，ZOPT处理最低。研究表明，砂姜黑土常规气象条件下化肥氮主要以作物吸收和土壤残留为主，而极端降雨条件下，化肥氮主要以环境损失为主，淋溶不是当季化肥氮的主要损失途径。

英文摘要:

Lime concretion black soil is a typical type of cropland soil in the Huanghuaihai region. Due to the presence of obvious ginger layers and the susceptibility to multiple cracks, there is a certain degree of uncertainty in the nitrogen fate of lime concretion black soil. Based on this, this study set up four nitrogen application treatments：CK（nitrogen free phosphorus and potassium fertilizer）, TR（traditional high nitrogen）, OPT（optimized nitrogen application）, and ZOPT（re-optimized nitrogen application）. Seasonal sampling and isotope tracing methods were used to explore the nitrogen transport law and fertilizer nitrogen fate of wheat and maize rotation in lime concretion black soil. The results showed that, from the perspective of long-term fertilization by farmers, the residual NO^-₃-N in lime concretion black soil was mainly concentrated in the 0-20 cm soil layer, followed by 50-60 cm soil layer. The change in NO^-₃-N residue below 120 cm was not significant; From the sampling of three seasons, it could be seen that the residual levels of NO^-₃-N under different nitrogen application treatments were mainly in the 0-20 cm and 40-60 cm layers, with the lowest in the 20-40 cm layer, showing a trend of high nitrogen content and high residual levels. The isotopic tracer results showed that the residual ¹⁵N in the first season（maize season）was mainly concentrated in the 0-20 cm soil layer, and the residual ¹⁵N in the other soil layers was low. In the second season（wheat season）, the residual amount of ¹⁵N in 0-20 cm soil layer increased significantly, and the remaining soil layer increased little or had no significant change. In the third season, due to the influence of extreme rainfall, the proportion of ¹⁵N in 0-20 cm soil layer decreased, and the residual ¹⁵N in 0-20 cm soil layer decreased from 71.0% to 83.0% in the previous season to 52.3% to 56.5%. The residual ¹⁵N in 20-60 cm soil layer increased significantly, and the residual ¹⁵N in 80-100 cm soil layer increased slightly. There was no significant difference in crop yield among the three seasons, and the ¹⁵N utilization efficiency was ZOPT >OPT>TR, indicating that the nitrogen application rate of 190 kg · hm^-2 could meet the nitrogen requirements of wheat and maize rotation in sand ginger black soil. In addition, other nitrogen losses （except soil residue and crop absorption）in the three seasons ranged from 31.8%-36.4%, among which TR treatment was the highest and ZOPT treatment was the lowest. In summary, under conventional meteorological conditions, fertilizer nitrogen is mainly absorbed by crops and soil residues, while under extreme rainfall conditions, fertilizer nitrogen is mainly lost to the environment. The long-term and shortterm results show that leaching is not the main way of fertilizer nitrogen loss in this season.

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