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| 应用于水稻生产的增效减负环保型施肥技术比对——以宁夏引黄灌区为例 |
| The Comparison of Different Fertilizer Technologies on Nitrogen Leaching Losses and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice Production——Taking Ningxia Irrigation Region as an Example |
| 投稿时间：2014-11-27 |
| DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2014.0334 |
| 中文关键词: 施肥技术 灌淤土 氮淋失 氮素利用率 宁夏引黄灌区 |
| 英文关键词: fertilizer technology anthropogenic-alluvial soil nitrogen leaching nitrogen use efficiency Ningxia Yellow River irrigation region |
| 基金项目:中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(BSRF201306);国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2014ZX07201-009) |
| 作者 | 单位 | E-mail | | 张爱平 | 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所农业部农业环境重点实验室, 农业清洁流域创新团队, 北京 100081 | | | 高霁 | 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所农业部农业环境重点实验室, 农业清洁流域创新团队, 北京 100081 | | | 刘汝亮 | 宁夏农林科学院, 宁夏 银川 750000 | | | 陈哲 | 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所农业部农业环境重点实验室, 农业清洁流域创新团队, 北京 100081 | | | 杨世琦 | 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所农业部农业环境重点实验室, 农业清洁流域创新团队, 北京 100081 | | | 杨正礼 | 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所农业部农业环境重点实验室, 农业清洁流域创新团队, 北京 100081 | | | 张晴雯 | 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所农业部农业环境重点实验室, 农业清洁流域创新团队, 北京 100081 | wagj_100@126.com |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 过量施肥及盲目灌溉导致宁夏引黄灌区水稻种植中氮素淋失严重,氮肥利用率低下.探索能够在保障水稻产量前提下减少氮素淋失、提高氮素利用率的环保型施肥技术是该区域实现农业可持续发展的现实需求.本研究在前期研究的基础上,就不同施肥技术对灌区水稻生育期内氮素淋失、氮素利用率及水稻产量的影响效果进行比对,旨在为后续工作中技术筛选及推广提供依据.试验共设置4个处理,分别是(1)无肥对照(CK):不施氮肥;(2)常规施肥(FP):施用氮肥300 kg N·hm-2, 60%作为基肥,分蘖和孕穗期各追肥20%;(3)侧条施肥(SD):施用水稻专用控释肥120 kg N·hm-2,水稻插秧时将肥料一次性施入;(4)育苗箱全量施肥(NB):施用水稻专用控释肥,用量为120 kg N·hm-2,育秧时一次性全量施入育秧盘.结果表明,采用SD和NB在氮素用量较FP降低60%的情况下,水稻产量都不会下降.SD可以显着降低稻田氮素淋溶损失,FP水稻生育期内可溶性总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3-N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)淋失量分别为39.89、26.22 kg·hm-2和5.49 kg·hm-2,SD和FP相比,TN、NO3-N和NH4+-N的淋失量分别减少18.97、11.18 kg·hm-2和2.27 kg·hm-2;同时SD可以显着提高宁夏灌区水稻氮素利用率,较FP提高21.4%. NB和FP相比,TN、NO3-N和NH4+-N淋失量分别减少14.36、10.14 kg·hm-2和1.84 kg·hm-2,氮素利用率亦提高15.7%,但是TN、NO3-N和NH4+-N淋失量较SD处理分别增加4.61、1.04 kg·hm-2和0.43 kg·hm-2,同时氮素利用率亦减少5.7%.综合考虑水稻产量和环境效益,SD更适合在宁夏灌区水稻种植中推广应用. |
| 英文摘要: |
| High N fertilizer and flooding irrigation applied to rice in anthropogenic-alluvial soil often result in N leaching and low use efficiency of applied fertilizer N from the rice field in Ningxia irrigation region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Sound N management practices need to be established to improve N use efficiency while sustain high grain yield levels and minimize fertilizer N loss to the environment. We investigated the effects of different fertilizer technologies on N leaching, N use efficiency and rice yield. The four fertilizer N treatments were CK (No nitrogen fertilizer application treatment); FP (Farmer's practice of application rate of urea at 300 kg N·hm-2, 60% used as base fertilizer, 20% as tillering fertilizer and 20% as booting fertilizer); SD (Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer at 120 kg N·hm-2, all controlled-release fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer while transplant rice seedlings) and NB (Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer at 120 kg N·hm-2, all controlled-release fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer in the seeding soil). The results showed that the SD and NB treatments could reduce the amount of nitrogen applied by 60% compared to FP but still maintain crop yields while substantially reducing N losses to the environment. The SD could significantly decrease the N leaching losses from the paddy field. Under the FP treatment, the leaching losses of TN, NO3-N and NH4+-N were 39.89, 26.22 kg·hm-2 and 5.49 kg·hm-2, respectively. Compared with FP treatment, the SD treatment could decrease the leaching losses of TN, NO3-N and NH4+-N by 18.97, 11.18 kg·hm-2 and 2.27 kg·hm-2. The nitrogen use efficiency of SD treatment was 55.7% which increased by 21.4% compared with FP treatment. NB treatment also could decrease nitrogen leaching losses TN, NO3-N and NH4+-N by 14.36, 10.14 kg·hm-2 and 1.84 kg·hm-2 and increase the N use efficiency by 15.7% compared with FP, but it increased nitrogen leaching losses of TN, NO3-N and NH4+-N by 4.61, 1.04 kg·hm-2 and 0.43 kg·hm-2 and decreased nitrogen use efficiency by 5.7% compared with SD. Considering the importance of sustaining high food production and minimizing negative environmental threat, we recommend the SD as an alternative management strategy for mitigating N loss in irrigated rice system in Ningxia irrigation region. |
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