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| Characteristics of ammonia emission from livestock and poultry farms in the southern Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and influencing factors |
| Received:December 16, 2024 |
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| KeyWord:ammonia emission inventory;ammonia emission flux;Huang-Huai-Hai Plain;livestock and poultry farming;diurnal variation |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | WANG Jinhan | Resources and Environment College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China | | | NIE Zhaojun | Resources and Environment College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention, Control and Remediation in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China | | | JIE Xiaolei | Resources and Environment College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
Key Laboratory of Farmland Quality Conservation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China | | | LIU Haiyang | Resources and Environment College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention, Control and Remediation in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China | | | LIU Shiliang | Resources and Environment College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
Key Laboratory of Farmland Quality Conservation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China | | | TAO Zhikang | Resources and Environment College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China | | | WU Mengmeng | Resources and Environment College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China | | | ZHANG Yupeng | Resources and Environment College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention, Control and Remediation in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China | ccfzyp@outlook.com | | LIU Hong'en | Resources and Environment College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
Key Laboratory of Farmland Quality Conservation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention, Control and Remediation in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China | liuhongen7178@126.com |
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| Abstract: |
| In order to construct an accurate ammonia emission inventory for livestock and poultry farming and to reveal the seasonal characteristics of ammonia emissions from different types of livestock and poultry, this study selected an intensive dairy barn, a caged layer house, and a large-scale fattening pig barn in the southern Huang-Huai-Hai Plain as research subjects. Using the air extraction method, a systematic analysis was conducted on the characteristics of ammonia emission fluxes during the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter, as well as throughout the entire growth period of fattening pigs. The results showed that dairy cows had the highest NH 3 emission rate, hens had the highest NH3 emission rate per unit in the fall at 78.45 mg·d-1·feather-1, and fattening pigs had the highest NH3 emission rate per unit at a pig weight of 110 kg at 684.61 mg · d-1 · head-1. Unlike egg farms, which showed an increasing trend in unit emission rates following seasonal changes except in winter, dairy unit emission rates were lowest in winter at 39.39 g·d-1·head-1, followed by spring, summer, and fall, respectively. The changes in the external NH3 concentration and NH3 emission flux at the outlet of the laying hen farm varied significantly during day and night, and the overall external NH3 concentration and NH3 emission flux were the highest in the fall, ranging from 1.67 mg·m-3 to 2.58 mg·m-3 and 34.6 g·h-1 to 88.84 g·h-1, respectively. Dairy farm NH3 concentrations reached a maximum at 21：00 p.m. during the spring, summer, and fall seasons and at 3：00 a.m. during the winter, with relatively consistent trends in NH3 emission fluxes in the spring and fall, and summer and winter, with the highest overall NH3 concentrations in the fall, fluctuating between 0.37 mg·m-3 and 1.09 mg·m-3. The NH3 concentrations and NH3 emission fluxes out of the air outlets of full-life fattening pigs increased with the increase of pig weights and varied significantly during the day and night at pig weights of 70 kg（6.23 mg·m-3）and 110 kg（11.10 mg·m-3）, whereas the daily variations of the NH3 concentrations showed a decreasing trend at pig weights of 30 kg. Changes in NH3 concentrations on the three types of farms were closely related to the frequency of manure removal：NH3 concentrations were lowest after the completion of manure removal, then gradually increased with the accumulation of feces and urine in the poultry house until they decreased again after the next manure removal. This suggests that optimizing the manure removal process is a key measure for reducing NH3 concentrations on farms. |
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