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| Analysis of sources and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil in industrial zones based on PMF model |
| Received:January 07, 2025 Revised:April 03, 2025 |
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| KeyWord:heavy metal;source analysis;health risk assessment;PMF model;contamination characteristics |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | WANG Yanjia | College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou 550499, China | | | DIAO Chunyan | College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou 550499, China | diaoxuanji@126.com | | LI Jianfeng | Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100052, China | 999forever@mail.nankai.edu.cn |
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| Abstract: |
| To investigate the ecological contamination and health risks of heavy metals in the soil of an industrial area in Ningbo City, this study focused on the surface soil of a specific industrial zone in Zhejiang Province, China. The pollution levels and spatial distribution patterns of eight heavy metals（Cr, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, Ni, Sb, and Hg）were systematically analyzed. The geo-accumulation index method was employed to assess pollution risks, while the Positive Matrix Factorization（PMF）model was utilized to identify contamination sources. Additionally, a health risk assessment model was applied to quantify the exposure risks of these heavy metals to human health. The results revealed that the average concentrations of Cu, As, and Cd were 2.1, 1.9, and 1.8 times higher than the regional soil background values, respectively. Significant positive correlations（ranging between 0.24–0.59, P<0.01）were observed among Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, As, and Pb, with particularly strong correlations noted among Cd, As, and Cu. According to the geo-accumulation index assessment, all elements exhibited varying degrees of accumulation in the surface soil, with Pb showing moderate pollution. In contrast, Hg and Cr demonstrated no or only slight contamination across the study area, without significant enrichment. Source apportionment results indicated that Ni and Cr primarily originated from natural sources, Pb was mainly derived from traffic emissions, Cu, Cd, and As were predominantly associated with agricultural activities, Sb was primarily linked to industrial manufacturing, and Hg mainly stemmed from a combined source of industrial and coal combustion emissions. The health risk assessment demonstrated that oral ingestion was the primary exposure pathway, with children facing higher health risks than adults. For different age groups, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to soil heavy metals through multiple pathways were mostly within acceptable levels. However, Cr, Cu, As, Pb, and Ni posed certain health risks, necessitating attention to their sources and pollution status. |
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