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| Toxicological effects of 6:2 Cl-PFESA on earthworms in natural soil |
| Received:December 30, 2024 |
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| KeyWord:6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid;natural soil;earthworm;toxicity;enzymatic assays;microbial diversity;metabolomics |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | QIN Cheng | Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China | | | ZHAO Meijing | Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China | | | LU Chang | Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China
College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China | | | WANG Junjie | Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China | | | ZHAO Lixia | Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China | zhaolixia@caas.cn | | LI Xiaojing | Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China | |
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| Abstract: |
| To investigate the toxicity and molecular mechanisms of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid（6:2 Cl-PFESA）on earthworms, the 28-day toxic effects of 6:2 Cl-PFESA（0.1, 1, 10 mg·kg-1）on earthworms were investigated using the natural soil method in this study. Moreover, enzymatic assays, amplicon sequencing, and metabolomics techniques were used to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of toxicity. Results showed that, the bioaccumulation factors of 6:2 Cl-PFESA in earthworms ranged from 2.43 to 3.81 after 28 days of exposure, and significant reductions in survival rates were observed only at the highest concentration（10 mg·kg-1）. At the sub - individual level, exposure to 6: 2 Cl-PFESA at all tested concentrations induced oxidative stress in earthworms, with catalase （CAT）and peroxidase（POD）showing higher sensitivity to 6:2 Cl-PFESA than superoxide dismutase（SOD）. Furthermore, exposure to 1 mg · kg-1 and 10 mg · kg-1 resulted in significant lipid peroxidation damage and neurotoxicity. Microbial diversity analysis showed that exposure to 10 mg·kg-1 6:2 Cl-PFESA significantly reduced the relative abundance of probiotic bacteria（Lactobacillus）, while increased the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria（Verrucomicrobiota）. Metabolomics analysis showed that exposure to 10 mg·kg-1 6:2 ClPFESA mainly upregulated key metabolites such as amino acids / peptides and their analogues, carbohydrates and their conjugates, disrupting key metabolic pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism, ultimately impairing normal physiological functions of earthworms. Overall, this study indicated that after 28 days of exposure, 6:2 Cl-PFESA can bioaccumulate in earthworms. Even exposure to low concentration of 6: 2 Cl-PFESA in soil（0.1 mg · kg-1）can induce oxidative stress in earthworms. Higher concentrations of 6: 2 ClPFESA（1 mg·kg-1 and 10 mg·kg-1）lead to significant lipid peroxidation damage and neurotoxicity in earthworms. Exposure to 10 mg·kg-1 6:2 Cl-PFESA causes dysbacteriosis and metabolic dysfunction in earthworm. |
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