长期不同施肥措施对盐碱地稻田土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响

蒋小曈; 黄立华; 刘伯顺; 黄广志; 杨璨; 梁燕萍

文章摘要

蒋小曈,黄立华,刘伯顺,黄广志,杨璨,梁燕萍.长期不同施肥措施对盐碱地稻田土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2024,43(8):1786-1795.

长期不同施肥措施对盐碱地稻田土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响

Effects of long-term fertilization on soil microbial quantity and community structure in saline-sodic paddy fields

投稿时间：2023-10-08

DOI：10.11654/jaes.2023-0810

中文关键词: 苏打盐碱地水稻有机培肥土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）秸秆还田

英文关键词: saline-sodic soil rice application of organic fertilizer soil microbe phospholipid fatty acid（PLFA） straw returning

基金项目:吉林省科技发展创新创业卓越人才（团队）项目（20220508110RC）；国家自然科学基金面上项目（41977148）；中国科学院黑土地保护与利用科技创新工程专项（XDA28110103）

作者	单位	E-mail
蒋小曈	吉林农业大学资源与环境学院, 长春 130118 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 长春 130102
黄立华	吉林农业大学资源与环境学院, 长春 130118 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 长春 130102 吉林大安农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 吉林大安 131317	huanglihua@iga.ac.cn
刘伯顺	中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 长春 130102 吉林大安农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 吉林大安 131317
黄广志	中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 长春 130102 吉林大安农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 吉林大安 131317
杨璨	吉林农业大学资源与环境学院, 长春 130118 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 长春 130102
梁燕萍	中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 长春 130102 吉林大安农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 吉林大安 131317

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中文摘要:

为阐明盐碱地稻田长期不同施肥对表层土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响，以大安站盐碱地水稻长期定位施肥试验土壤为对象，采用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）分析法研究了单施氮肥（N）、无机肥配施（NPK）、有机肥单施（M）、有机肥与无机肥配施（MNPK）和秸秆还田配施无机肥（RNPK）对土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响。结果表明：不同施肥处理土壤中共检测出57种PLFA生物标记，M、MNPK、RNPK和NPK处理的PLFA含量较N处理分别增加26.47%、29.76%、25.07%和13.20%，其中M、MNPK和RNPK处理显著高于N处理（P<0.05）。MNPK处理土壤中的真菌/细菌的比值最大，较二者之比最小的M处理高6.00%，说明有机肥配施化肥对盐碱地稻田土壤生态系统的稳定性具有更好的改善作用。RNPK处理土壤中革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌之比最小，较二者之比最大的M处理降低了13.71%，说明秸秆还田配施化肥处理的土壤营养胁迫小，能有效改善土壤的营养状况。不同施肥处理微生物群落多样性大小表现为N处理土壤的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H）、Pielou均匀度指数（J）和Simpson优势度指数（D）最大，分别较3项指数最小的NPK处理增加10.91%、12.00%和13.79%。冗余分析结果表明，盐分电导率（EC）、有机质和pH对土壤微生物群落变化具有显著影响，解释量分别为54.8%、39.8%和33.1%。因此，长期有机肥与化肥配施、有机肥单施和秸秆还田配施无机肥能有效增加土壤微生物生物量并优化微生物群落结构，进而改善土壤生态环境。

英文摘要:

The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of long-term fertilization measures on soil microbial quantity and community structure in saline-sodic paddy fields. A long-term fertilization experiment was carried out at a study site of the Da'an National Field Observation and Research Station of Agroecosystem. The level of phospholipid fatty acid（PLFA）was measured as an indicator of the effects of different fertilization measures on the soil microbial community. The specific fertilization measures included single application of nitrogen treatment（N）, combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer treatment（NPK）, single application of manure treatment（M）, combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer treatment（MNPK）, and chemical fertilizer with straw returning treatment（RNPK）. The results showed that 57 PLFAs were detected in soil under different fertilization treatments; the PLFA contents of M, MNPK, RNPK and NPK treatments increased by 26.47%, 29.76%, 25.07%, and 13.20%, respectively, compared with the contents under N treatment, and the PLFA contents of M, MNPK and RNPK treatments were significantly higher than those of N treatments （P<0.05）. Furthermore, the ratio of fungi to bacteria in the MNPK treatment was highest and the radio in the M treatment was lowest （6.00% lower than the maximum）in the above five treatments, which demonstrates that the combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is the optimal treatment in terms of stability of the soil ecosystem in saline-sodic paddy fields. The minimum of Gram-positive bacteria（G⁺）/Gram-negative bacteria（G^-）was found in RNPK treatment, which decreased by 13.71% compared to the maximum ratio, which was obtained in the M treatment. This finding indicated that the combination of straw returning and fertilizer application resulted in less soil nutrient stress and could effectively improve the nutrient status of the soil. The diversity of microbial communities in the N treatment was highest under different fertilization treatments, with index values considerably higher than that under the NPK treatment： Shannon-Wiener index（H）（10.91% higher）, Pielou index（J）（12.00% higher）, and Simpson index（D）（13.79% higher）. Redundancy analysis（RDA）revealed that electrical conductivity（EC）, soil organic matter, and soil pH all had significant effects on soil microbial community, explaining 54.8%, 39.8%, and 33.1%, respectively. In summary, these measures including combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer, the single application of manure and straw returning with the chemical fertilizer effectively increase soil microbial biomass and optimize microbial community structure, thereby improving the soil ecological environment.

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