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| 我国畜禽养殖业抗生素的使用特征及其环境与健康风险 |
| Antibiotics used in livestock and poultry breeding and its environmental and health risks in China： A review |
| Received:August 27, 2021 |
| DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2021.0567 |
| 中文关键词: 兽用抗菌药，抗生素残留，环境污染，细菌耐药性，食品安全风险 |
| 英文关键词: veterinary antibiotics, antibiotic residue, environmental pollution, bacterial resistance, food safety risk |
| 基金项目:中央土壤污染防治专项资金项目 （20211468） |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | CHENG Zhaokang | School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China | | | YANG Jinshan | School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China | | | Lü Min | Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China | | | LUO Xiaosan | School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China | xsluo@nuist.edu.cn |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 我国是畜禽养殖大国，也是兽用抗菌药物的生产和使用大国。兽用抗菌药的长期大量使用造成了环境污染、细菌耐药性增强、畜禽农产品安全风险增高等问题，危害人类健康。本文综述了我国2009—2019年间兽用抗菌药的用量，分析了兽用抗菌药的使用现状及特征，发现2009—2019年兽用抗菌药物用量占兽用化学药品用量的比例在69.6%~74.1%之间，兽用抗菌药用量在2014年达到最大值，随后逐年降低。兽用抗菌药的主要使用类型以四环素类为主，以促生长为目的使用的抗菌药物以金霉素和土霉素为主。通过对不同食品中抗生素的残留情况进行分析发现，抗生素在牛奶、养殖鱼和蔬菜中的检出率为90.9%~100%，且养殖鱼中喹诺酮类抗生素平均残留量为725.13 μg·kg-1，超出国家食品安全限量标准（100 μg·kg-1）。本文同时总结了环境中抗生素残留情况及细菌耐药性的产生及其机制，探讨了抗生素大量使用对动物及人体健康的危害，最后分别从源头、使用、排放和修复等角度对抗生素污染防治提出管理建议和措施，以期助力抗生素污染控制。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| China has extensive livestock and poultry industries with substantial production and use of veterinary antibacterials. The longterm and massive use of veterinary antibacterials causes environmental pollution, increases bacterial resistance, and elevates safety risks for livestock, poultry, and agricultural products, further threatening human health. In this paper, we review the use of veterinary antibacterials in livestock and poultry breeding from 2009 to 2019 in China. The characteristics of the usage of veterinary antibacterials were analyzed. The findings show that the proportion of consumption of veterinary antibacterials in veterinary chemicals was 69.6%~74.1%. The utilization of veterinary antibacterials reached a maximum in 2014, and then decreased yearly. The main types of veterinary antibacterials are tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline; chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are mainly used to promote growth. Furthermore, the analysis of the antibiotics residue in different foods showed that the detection rates of antibiotics in milk, cultured fish, and vegetables were as high as 90.9%~100%. The average residue of quinolone in cultured fish was 725.13 μg·kg-1, which exceeds the national food safety limit standard（100 μg·kg-1） . Additionally, we summarize the situation of antibiotic residues in the environment and the emergence and mechanism of bacterial resistance. The effects of the massive use of antibiotics on animal and human health are discussed. Ultimately, management suggestions and strategies on the prevention of antibiotics pollution are proposed in terms of source, use, emission, and remediation to help control antibiotic pollution. |
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