粪肥增施对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响

刘泰; 王洪媛; 杨波; 魏静; 贺鹏程; 王玉龙; 刘宏斌

文章摘要

粪肥增施对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响

Effect of additional applications of manure on rice crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency

Received:February 11, 2021

DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2021.0096

中文关键词: 氮素利用效率，粪肥，水稻，田面水，有机无机肥配施

英文关键词: nitrogen use efficiency, manure, rice, surface water, combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer

基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（31972519）

Author Name	Affiliation	E-mail
LIU Tai	Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Resource Recycle, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
WANG Hongyuan	Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China	wanghongyuan@caas.cn
YANG Bo	Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
WEI Jing	Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Ulanqab, Ulanqab 012000, China
HE Pengcheng	Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Ulanqab, Ulanqab 012000, China
WANG Yulong	Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Ulanqab, Ulanqab 012000, China
LIU Hongbin	Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

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中文摘要:

为探究不同用量粪肥增施对水稻生产的影响，在等氮施用化肥的基础上开展盆栽试验，通过系统分析水稻产量、氮素利用效率、水稻收获后土壤理化性质等指标，以及水稻叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）、田面水无机氮素浓度的动态变化特征，对粪肥增施的最佳用量进行了研究。结果表明：在施用尿素（192.8 kg·hm^-2，以N计）的基础上，增施0.75倍粪肥（相当于增施N 115.1kg·hm^-2）的效果最佳，秸秆产量、籽粒产量、穗数、分蘖数、株高、秸秆吸氮量和籽粒吸氮量等指标均达到最高，与单施尿素相比，分别提高36.2%、46.4%、12.1%、16.1%、0.7%、48.5%和56.3%；氮素利用指标（氮素利用率、氮肥贡献率、氮肥农学效率和土壤氮素依存率）得到显著优化（P<0.05）；追施穗肥后田面水中铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）的平均浓度分别下降10.4%和10.3%，表明适量增施粪肥会有效降低田面水中氮素的流失风险。另外，增施粪肥对土壤养分含量具有促进作用，其中土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和铵态氮含量随粪肥增施量的增加而提高。研究表明，在施用化肥基础上增施0.75倍粪肥，可最大程度实现水稻增产和氮素利用效率的提升，同时降低氮素流失风险。研究结果可为水稻生产中有机无机肥配施比例的确定提供参考。

英文摘要:

We investigated the effects of additional manure application on rice production. To this end, a pot experiment was conducted to systematically explore the optimal additional application rate of manure, by analyzing crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice, chemical and physical properties of the soil after rice harvest, and the changes in the SPAD of leaves and inorganic nitrogen concentration in the surface water. The results showed 0.75 times additional manure application(N content was 115.1 kg·hm^-2), with urea(N content was 192.8 kg·hm^-2), presented the best performance. It increased straw yield, grain yield, spike number, tiller number, plant height, nitrogen accumulation of straw, and nitrogen accumulation of grain by 36.2%, 46.4%, 12.1%, 16.1%, 0.7%, 48.5%, and 56.3%, respectively, compared with the single urea application. In addition, the nitrogen use indexes, namely nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer contribution rate, nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and soil nitrogen dependency ratio, were optimized simultaneously(P<0.05). After the application of panicle fertilizer, the average concentration of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N decreased by 10.4% and 10.3%. This indicated that additional manure application at an appropriate rate enables to reduce the risk of nitrogen loss in the surface water. Furthermore, additional manure application improved the soil nutrient content after rice harvest; the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, alkalihydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen increased with the application rate. Overall, 0.75 times additional manure application combined with inorganic fertilizer input presented the best performance, by not only mitigating environment damage but also improving grain yield. Our study provides a reference for determining the optimal ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizer in rice production.

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