我国设施菜地表观氮平衡分析及其空间分布特征

丁武汉; 雷豪杰; 徐驰; 柯华东; 李虎

文章摘要

我国设施菜地表观氮平衡分析及其空间分布特征

Characteristics and spatial distribution of apparent nitrogen balance in the greenhouse vegetable cropping system in China

Received:September 30, 2019

DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2019.0493

中文关键词: 表观氮平衡，设施蔬菜，氮肥利用率，氮输入，氮输出

英文关键词: apparent nitrogen balance, greenhouse vegetable, nitrogen use efficiency（NUE）, nitrogen input, nitrogen output

基金项目:中国农业科学院科技创新工程协同创新任务（CAAS-XTCX2016015）；国家自然科学基金项目（41671303）；国家重点研发计划项目（2018YFD0800402）

Author Name	Affiliation	E-mail
DING Wu-han	Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
LEI Hao-jie	Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
XU Chi	Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
KE Hua-dong	Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
LI Hu	Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China	lihu0728@sina.com

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中文摘要:

为定量评估区域设施菜地土壤氮素的输入输出平衡状况，探明土壤中氮素的基本去向和氮素潜在污染，从CNKI中文数据库和Web of Science等英文数据库中检索筛选出针对设施菜地氮循环研究的可用数据648组，对我国设施菜地表观氮素平衡进行了分析，并根据《全国设施蔬菜重点区域发展规划（2015—2020年）》中的蔬菜分区，探索了不同区域的氮平衡分布特征。结果表明，我国设施菜地每一生长季总体上表观氮平衡为正值，盈余量为49~1154 kg N·hm^-2，均值为324 kg N·hm^-2，氮肥利用率平均为18.6%。从氮素的输入途径来看，每季氮素总投入约为863 kg N·hm^-2，以化肥和有机肥投入为主，分别为471、306 kg N·hm^-2，灌溉水带入的氮也不容忽视，达到86 kg N·hm^-2。从氮素的支出途径来看，每季氮素总支出为539 kg N·hm^-2，其中除了作物生长从土壤中吸取大量的氮素（230 kg N·hm^-2）外，以淋溶、硝化反硝化和氨挥发等形式损失的氮达到309 kg N·hm^-2，占输出量的57.4%，超过了作物吸收带走的氮（42.6%）。每季区域氮平衡差异显著，其中，黄淮海与环渤海暖温区氮素盈余最高，达到441 kg N·hm^-2，其较高氮投入和较低的作物吸收是造成农田土壤氮素大量盈余的主要原因，同时也存在较高的氮素损失，通过淋溶流失的氮达到186 kg N·hm^-2。总体上，当前我国设施菜地整体表观氮平衡为正盈余，主要由于化肥和有机肥投入量大，但同时存在较高的氮素损失风险。降低氮素投入水平和提高作物的吸收利用率是有效的氮优化管理途径，尤其是在黄淮海与环渤海暖温区，应减少氮素投入，重点关注氮素淋溶损失。

英文摘要:

Quantitative assessment of nitrogen(N)balance in greenhouse vegetable fields could enhance our understanding of N loss path in soil and its potential environmental pollution, which could be beneficial for the green development of intensive greenhouse vegetable production in China. In this study, we analyzed N balance and its spatial distribution in greenhouse vegetable fields based on 648 groups of available data selected from the CNKI and Web of Science according to the National Key Area Development Plan of Greenhouse Vegetables (2015-2020). Our results showed that the apparent nitrogen balance of greenhouse vegetable fields was positive in every growing season (49~1154 kg N·hm^-2), and the mean was 324 kg N·hm^-2. The mean nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)of greenhouse vegetable fields was 18.6%. Regarding N input, the total nitrogen input per growing season was approximately 863 kg N·hm^-2. Chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer were two major sources(471 kg N·hm^-2 vs 306 kg N·hm^-2)of nitrogen, and the nitrogen contributed by irrigation water could not be ignored (86 kg N·hm^-2). Regarding N output, the total nitrogen output per growing season was approximately 539 kg N·hm^-2 and the percentages absorbed by crops and lost to the environment(leaching, nitrification and denitrification, and NH₃ volatilization)were 42.6% and 57.4%, respectively. The distribution of N balance exhibited a spatial heterogeneity pattern. The N surplus in the Huang-Huai-Hai and the warm temperature area around the Bohai Sea were the highest(441 kg N·hm^-2). The main reasons were the large amount of nitrogen input and low crop absorption. In addition, the nitrogen loss in this area was also high, and the leaching loss reached 186 kg N·hm^-2. Our result suggested that the overall apparent nitrogen balance of Chinese vegetable fields showed a positive surplus, mainly owing to the large amounts of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer input, but there was a high risk of nitrogen loss. Reducing N input as well as improving crop uptake and NUE may be promising ways to optimize N management. It is necessary to reduce nitrogen input and mainly focus on nitrogen leaching losses, especially in Huang-Huai-Hai and the warm temperature area around the Bohai Sea.

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