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| 中国设施菜地表观氮平衡分析及其空间分布特征 |
| Characteristics and spatial distribution of apparent nitrogen balance in greenhouse vegetable cropping system in China |
| 投稿时间：2019-09-30 修订日期：2019-12-26 |
| DOI： |
| 中文关键词: 表观氮平衡 设施蔬菜 氮肥利用率 氮输入 氮输出 |
| 英文关键词: apparent nitrogen balance greenhouse vegetable NUE nitrogen input nitrogen output |
| 基金项目:中国农业科学院科技创新工程协同创新任务(CAAS-XTCX2016015); 国家自然科学基金(41671303) ; 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0800402) |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 定量评估区域设施菜地土壤氮素的输入输出平衡状况，探明土壤中氮素的基本去向和氮素潜在污染，对促进我国集约化设施蔬菜绿色生产具有重要意义。【方法】本文从CNKI中文数据库和Web of Science等英文数据库中检索筛选出针对设施菜地氮循环研究的可用数据组648组，对我国设施菜地表观氮素平衡进行了分析，并根据《全国设施蔬菜重点区域发展规划（2015—2020年）》中的蔬菜分区，探索了不同区域的氮平衡分布特征。【结果】我国设施菜地每一生长季总体上表观氮平衡为正，盈余量为49~1154 kg·N·hm-2，均值为324 kg·N·hm-2。从氮素的输入途径来看，每季氮素总投入约为863 kg·N·hm-2，以化肥和有机肥投入为主，分别为471和306 kg·N·hm-2，灌溉水带入的氮也不容忽视，达到86 kg·N·hm-2。从氮素的支出途径来看，每季氮素总支出为539 kg·N·hm-2，其中除了作物生长从土壤中吸取大量的氮素以外（230 kg·N·hm-2），以淋洗、气体排放等形式损失的氮达到309 kg·N·hm-2，占输出量的57.4%，超过了作物吸收带走的氮（42.6%）。每季区域氮平衡差异显著，其中，黄淮海与环渤海暖温区氮素盈余最高，达到442 kg·N·hm-2，其大量氮投入和较低的作物吸收是造成农田土壤氮素大量盈余的主要原因，同时也存在较高的氮素损失，通过淋溶流失的氮达到186 kg·N·hm-2【结论】当前中国设施菜地整体表观氮平衡为正盈余，主要由于化肥和有机肥投入量大，但同时存在较高的氮素损失风险。降低氮素投入水平和提高作物的吸收利用率是有效的氮优化管理途径，尤其是在黄淮海与环渤海暖温区，应减少氮素投入，重点关注氮素淋洗损失。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Quantitative assessment on nitrogen (N) balance in greenhouse vegetable fields could enhance the knowledge of N loss path in soil and its potential environmental pollution, which could benefit China’ green development in intensive greenhouse vegetable production. In this study, we analyzed N balance and its spatial distribution in greenhouse vegetable fields based on 648 groups of available data which were selected from CNKI and Web of Science according to the national key area development plan of greenhouse vegetables (2015-2020). Our results showed the apparent nitrogen balance of greenhouse vegetable field was positive in every growing season (49~1154 kg·N·hm-2), and the mean was 324 kg·N·hm-2. For N input, the total nitrogen input per growing season was about 863 kg·N·hm-2. Chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer were two major sources (471 vs 306 kg·N·hm-2), and the nitrogen brought by irrigation water also cannot be ignored (86 kg·N·hm-2). For N output, the total nitrogen output per growing season was about 539 kg·N·hm-2, the percentage absorbed by crops, and lost to environment (leaching and gas emissions) were 42.6%, and 57.4%, respectively. The distribution of N balance exhibited a spatial heterogeneity pattern. The N surplus in Huanghuai sea and warm temperature area around Bohai Sea were highest (442 kg·N·hm-2). The main reasons were because of the large amount of nitrogen input and low crop absorption. Meanwhile, the nitrogen area in this area was also high and the leaching loss reached 186 kg·N·hm-2.Our result suggested the overall apparent nitrogen balance of Chinese vegetable field was a positive surplus, mainly due to the large amount of fertilizer and organic fertilizer input, but there was a high risk of nitrogen loss. Reducing N input, improving crop uptake and NUE may be promising ways to optimize N management. It is necessary to reduced nitrogen input and mainly focused on the nitrogen leaching losses especially in Huang-Huai-Hai and warm temperature area around Bohai Sea. |
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