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| 磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对棉花养分吸收和磷肥利用效率的影响 |
| Effects of the organic replacement of phosphorus fertilizer and straw returned to fields on the nutrient absorption and phosphorus fertilizer utilization efficiency of cotton |
| 投稿时间：2023-06-03 |
| DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2023.0351 |
| 中文关键词: 棉花，磷素，有机替代，养分吸收，磷肥利用率，氮磷比 |
| 英文关键词: cotton, phosphorus, organic substitution, nutrient absorption, phosphate fertilizer utilization rate, nitrogen and phosphorus ratio |
| 基金项目:新疆维吾尔自治区创新环境（人才、基地）建设专项-资源共享平台建设（PT2201）；新疆维吾尔自治区重大专项（2022A02007）；现代农业产业技术体系专项（CARS-15-49）；国家自然科学基金项目（U1703232）；农业农村部 “科研设施专项运行维护费” （G202109-2） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为探究磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对棉花养分吸收、磷肥利用效率及棉花产量的影响，本研究基于国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益监测站5年田间微区棉花连作定位试验，以7种施肥措施为样本，于2022年棉花成熟期开展棉田土壤田间调查研究。结果表明，磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田均能提升棉株氮磷钾养分吸收，各器官氮素平均含量在1.75~40.90 g·kg-1之间，磷素平均含量在1.46~11.28 g·kg-1之间，钾素平均含量在3.11~25.03 g·kg-1之间。综合肥料投入和养分吸收，50%的磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田最能增强棉株吸氮能力和促进干物质积累，50%的磷肥有机替代对棉株吸磷能力最强且最有利于实现棉花节肥增钾的效果。棉株各器官N:P变化范围为1.20~12.01，磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田使茎、叶、蕾/铃/壳的N:P明显降低，棉株生物量、籽棉产量随茎、叶、蕾/铃/壳N:P的降低而增加，本试验棉花生长更倾向于受N、P共同限制。磷肥利用率随有机替代量的增加从12.54%提升到33.04%，土壤磷素盈余量随有机替代量的增加从28.20 kg·hm-2降低到19.66 kg·hm-2。研究表明，在北疆灰漠土棉区采用50%磷肥有机替代，即施磷（P2O5）60.0 kg·hm-2和配施羊粪9 784.8 kg·hm-2，对棉花产量、生物量、养分吸收的综合效应最优，值得推广应用。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| The effects of organic replacement of phosphate fertilizer and straw returning to field on nutrient absorption, utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer and correlation of cotton yield were studied in order to provide practical guidance for determining the technical service focus of efficient application of phosphate fertilizer in gray desert cotton field in northern Xinjiang and further understanding the current cotton production situation. In this study, based on a 5-year field micro-cropping experiment of cotton in the National Gray Desert Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Benefit Monitoring Station, 7 kinds of fertilization measures were taken as samples, and cotton field soil and field investigation at the cotton maturity stage in 2022 were used to carry out relevant research. The results showed as follows：Both organic replacement of phosphorus fertilizer and straw returning could improve the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption of cotton plants. The average nitrogen content of each organ ranged from 1.75 g·kg-1 to 40.90 g·kg-1, the average phosphorus content ranged from 1.46 g· kg-1 to 11.28 g·kg-1, and the average potassium content ranged from 3.11 g·kg-1 to 25.03 g·kg-1. Combined fertilizer input and nutrient absorption, 50% organic replacement and straw returning to the field can best enhance the nitrogen absorption capacity of cotton plants and promote dry matter accumulation, 50% organic replacement has the strongest phosphorus absorption capacity of cotton plants and is most conducive to realizing the effect of cotton fertilizer saving and potassium increasing. The N∶P of each organ of cotton plant ranged from 1.20 to 12.01. Organic replacement of phosphorus fertilizer and straw returning significantly reduced N∶P of stem, leaf, bud/boll/shell. Cotton plant biomass and seed cotton yield increased with the decrease of N /P ratio of stem, leaf, bud/boll/shell, and cotton growth was more restricted by N and P. The utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer increased from 12.54% to 33.04% with the increase of organic replacement amount, and the soil phosphorus surplus decreased from 28.20 kg · hm-2 to 19.66 kg · hm-2 with the increase of organic replacement amount. The application of 50% phosphorus fertilizer organic replacement technology in the grey desert cotton area of northern Xinjiang, that is, the application of phosphorus（P2O5）60.0 kg·hm-2 and the application of sheep manure 9 784.8 kg·hm-2, has the best comprehensive effect on cotton yield, biomass and nutrient absorption, and is worthy of promotion and application. |
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