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| 有机无机肥配施对旱地冬小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响 |
| Effects of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization by winter wheat in drylands |
| 投稿时间：2022-04-17 |
| DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2022.0205 |
| 中文关键词: 冬小麦，有机肥，化肥，配施，产量，氮素吸收利用，硝酸还原酶 |
| 英文关键词: winter wheat, organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, combined application, yield, N uptake and utilization, nitrate reductase |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（31772389）；国家科技支撑计划项目（2015BAD23B04）；农业部公益性项目（201503124） |
| 作者 | 单位 | E-mail | | 王书停 | 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100 | | | 李文广 | 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100 | | | 蔡慧芳 | 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100 | | | 马龙 | 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100 | | | 王楷 | 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100 | | | 李紫燕 | 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100 | | | 翟丙年 | 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100 | zhaibingnian@nwsuaf.edu.cn |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为探究有机无机肥配施对旱地冬小麦减肥增效的内在机制，依据7年长期定位试验，采用裂区设计，设5个氮水平（0、75、150、225、300 kg·hm-2）为主处理，配施有机肥（用量30 t·hm-2）和不施有机肥为副处理，单施化肥处理分别记为N0、N75、N150、N225、N300，配施有机肥处理分别记为MN0、MN75、MN150、MN225、MN300。在分蘖、拔节、开花、灌浆、成熟期采集植株地下（0~20 cm根系）和地上部分，对籽粒产量及其构成因素、氮素吸收利用状况进行研究。结果表明，随施氮量增加，冬小麦有效穗数、穗粒数先增加后减少，而千粒质量则逐渐下降。配施有机肥处理有效穗数较单施化肥处理整体提高7.1%。MN150处理籽粒产量最高，达到6 311 kg·hm-2。单施化肥处理籽粒对氮素的吸收主要通过花前氮素转运，而配施有机肥处理花前氮素转运和花后吸收对籽粒氮素积累作用同等重要。与单施化肥相比，有机无机肥配施花前氮素转运量、花后氮素积累量分别提高9.80%、33.10%。花前氮素转运以茎秆为主，花后氮素积累量在MN150处理最高。配施有机肥显著提高氮素利用率和农学效率，降低施氮量在增加氮素利用率与农学效率的同时提高了氮素收获指数。适量增施氮肥显著提高叶片硝酸还原酶活性，单施化肥和配施有机肥分别在N225、MN150处理达到最高，有机无机肥配施下，硝酸还原酶活性在分蘖、拔节、开花和灌浆期分别提高25.94%、12.88%、9.90%和12.35%。综合来看，有机无机肥配施下施氮量为150 kg·hm-2时既能促进冬小麦植株对氮素的吸收利用，又有利于保证西北旱地冬小麦稳产高产。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| To further explore the internal mechanism of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on the fertilizer reduction and efficiency of dryland winter wheat, a fissure zone design was set up according to a 7-year long-term positioning experiment. Five nitrogen levels (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 kg·hm-2) were set as the main treatments; a mixed and unapplied organic fertilizer (dosage of 30 t·hm-2) was used as a side treatment. The single fertilizer treatment was labeled N0, N75, N150, N225, N300, and the combined organic fertilizer treatment was labeled MN0, MN75, MN150, MN225, MN300. The underground (0~20 cm root system) and aboveground parts of the plant were collected during the tillering, jointing, flowering, filling, and mature stages, and the grain yield and its constituent factors, nitrogen uptake, and utilization were studied. The results showed that, with an increase in the nitrogen application rate, the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle increased first and then decreased, while the 1 000-grain weight decreased gradually. The effective number of panicles in the combined organic fertilizer treatment increased by 7.1% compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer. The MN150 treatment had the highest grain yield, which reached 6 311 kg·hm-2. The absorption of nitrogen under the single fertilizer treatment was mainly through pre-anthesis nitrogen transport, while pre-anthesis nitrogen transport and post-anthesis nitrogen absorption played equally important roles in the accumulation of nitrogen under the combined fertilizer treatment. Compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased pre-anthesis nitrogen transshipment, and post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation, by 9.8% and 33.1%, respectively. Pre-anthesis nitrogen transport mainly occurred in the stems, and nitrogen accumulation reached the highest under the MN150 treatment. Nitrogen use efficiency and agricultural efficiency were significantly increased by organic fertilizer application. A decrease in the nitrogen application rate increased the nitrogen use efficiency, agricultural efficiency, and nitrogen harvest index. Nitrate reductase activity in leaves was significantly increased by nitrogen application, and the highest value was reached under the N225 and MN150 treatments. Nitrate reductase activity increased by 25.94%, 12.88%, 9.90%, and 12.35% during the tiller, jointing, flowering, and filling stages, respectively, under organic and inorganic fertilizer application. In summary, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers at a nitrogen application rate of 150 kg · hm-2 could not only promote the absorption and utilization of nitrogen in winter wheat plants, but also ensured a stable and high yield of winter wheat in a dryland in northwest China. |
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