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| 减氮增密提高寒地水稻产量与氮素吸收利用 |
| Reducing nitrogen and increasing rice transplanting density in a cold region of China can improve rice yield, nitrogen absorption, and nitrogen utilization |
| 投稿时间：2022-03-09 |
| DOI：10.13254/j.jare.2022.0110 |
| 中文关键词: 水稻，移栽密度，产量，氮素吸收，氮素利用 |
| 英文关键词: rice, transplanting density, yield, nitrogen absorption, nitrogen utilization |
| 基金项目:吉林省重点研发项目 （20210202013NC） |
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| 摘要点击次数: 891 |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 针对水稻氮肥过量施用和移栽密度过低的问题，研究减氮增密对水稻产量与氮素利用效率的影响，以期为东北寒区水稻生产提供科学依据。于2019—2020年在吉林省前郭县红光农场进行田间试验，共设4个处理，分别为不施氮肥+移栽密度1.80×105穴·hm-2(N0）、传统施氮（氮肥用量235 kg·hm-2）+移栽密度1.80×105穴·hm-2(FP）、较传统施氮减量20%（氮肥用量188 kg·hm-2）+移栽密度2.40×105穴·hm-2（SNHD1）、较传统施氮减量20%（氮肥用量188 kg·hm-2）+移栽密度3.00×105穴·hm-2(SNHD2）。对水稻产量、地上部干物质积累与分配、氮素积累与分配以及氮素利用效率进行测定分析。结果表明：SNHD1和SNHD2处理相较于FP处理显著增加了水稻有效穗数，提高了水稻产量，其中SNHD1处理水稻产量增幅达显著水平，两年平均增幅为7.8%。减氮增密提高了水稻各生育时期干物质积累量和氮素积累量，以及水稻齐穗后干物质积累量与氮素积累量占总生育期积累量的比例，且均为SNHD1处理最高。SNHD1和SNHD2处理较FP处理显著提高了氮素吸收率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥吸收利用率，且均为SNHD1处理最高，较FP处理两年平均分别提高0.3、6.2、14.4 kg·kg-1和16.4个百分点。氮素表观平衡结果显示，FP、SNHD1和SNHD2处理两年平均表现为盈余，其中SNHD1处理氮盈余量最低。水稻齐穗前、后的干物质积累量和氮素积累量与水稻产量均呈显著正相关，其中水稻齐穗后干物质积累量和氮积累量的相关性高于齐穗前。综上所述，合理的氮肥用量与移栽密度提高了水稻整个生育期干物质积累量和氮素积累量，并提高齐穗后积累比例，进而提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率，综合水稻产量、氮素吸收利用等因素，东北寒地稻区适宜的水稻栽培模式为氮肥用量188 kg·hm-2、移栽密度2.40×105穴·hm-2。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| To address the issues related to the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer and the low transplanting density in rice, the effects of reduced or increased nitrogen density on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were investigated, so as to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the production of rice in the cold region of northeast China. A field experiment was conducted during 2019 to 2020 to evaluate the effects of four cultivation management strategies on rice yield, shoot dry matter, nitrogen（N）accumulation and distribution, and N use efficiency at Hongguang farm, Qianguo County, Jilin Province. The strategies were as follows： no N fertilizer and transplanting density of 1.80×105 hole·hm-2( N0） , application of 235 kg·hm-2 N and transplanting density of 1.80×105 hole·hm-2( FP） , application of 188 kg·hm-2 N and transplanting density of 2.40×105 hole·hm-2( SNHD1） , and application of 188 kg·hm-2 N and transplanting density of 3.00×105 hole· hm-2（SNHD2） . Compared with FP, SNHD1 and SNHD2 treatment led to significant increase in the number of effective panicles and the overall rice yield. In particular, SNHD1 led to an increase in yield by 7.8% on average over two years. Accumulation of dry matter and N in each growth stage of rice including after full heading were promoted by N reduction and transplanting densification. SNHD1 led to better results than SNHD2. Nonetheless, absorption efficiency, agronomic use efficiency, partial productivity, and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of N all increased significantly in both cases compared with the FP treatment. For SNHD1, in particular, increases by 0.3, 6.2, 14.4 kg· kg-1, and 16.4 percent points were evaluated, respectively. FP, SNHD1, and SNHD2 all led to a surplus in the apparent N balance in both years, with the lowest value evaluated for SNHD1. A significant positive correlation among dry matter and N accumulation before and after full heading and grain yield was observed. Moreover, the correlation between dry matter and N accumulation after full heading was higher than that before full heading. The use of reasonable N application rate and transplanting density led to an increase in dry matter and N accumulations during the entire growth period of rice, as well as to an increase in the accumulation ratio after full heading, enhanced yield, and N use efficiency. Overall consideration of rice yield, N uptake and N utilization, the use of 188 kg·hm-2 of N fertilizer and a 2.40×105 hole·hm-2 transplanting density represent the optimal cultivation conditions in the cold region of northeast China. |
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