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| A review of carbon and nitrogen losses and greenhouse gas emissions during livestock manure composting |
| Received:August 30, 2021 |
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| KeyWord:livestock manure;composting;carbon and nitrogen losses;greenhouse gas;influencing factor |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | YUAN Jing | Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China | | | LIU Yan | Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China | | | TANG Ruolan | Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China | | | MA Ruonan | Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China | | | LI Guoxue | Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China | ligx@cau.edu.cn |
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| Abstract: |
| Composting is an important technology for including animal manure in resource utilization. At present, emitted gasses and carbon and nitrogen losses during composting can reduce compost's agricultural value and exacerbate the atmospheric greenhouse effect. The composting process is affected by several factors. This article summarized types of raw materials, auxiliary materials, initial C/N, initial moisture content, ventilation rate of greenhouse gas(CH4, NH3, N2O)emissions, and carbon and nitrogen losses. Nearly half(48.7%)of initial C and one-third(27.7%)of initial N content were lost during composting under current management practices. Average loss of carbon in the form of CH4 accounted for 0.5% of the initial TC, and loss of nitrogen in NH3 and N2O forms accounted for 18.9% and 1.1% of initial TN, respectively. Composting with different raw materials significantly altered these parameters. The greenhouse gas emissions of pig and chicken manure compost were higher than those of cow and sheep manure composts. Choosing C-rich auxiliary materials, and composting with livestock and poultry manure could promote organic matter degradation. Among the potential auxiliary materials, when straw or sawdust was used, greenhouse gas emissions were lower. The C/N ratio greatly influenced N loss, and overall loss of NH 3, N2O, and TN decreased with increasing C/N. C/N ratios between 20 and 25 were most suitable for retention of N. Initial moisture content significantly affected CH4 and N2O emissions, with emissions increasing significantly with increasing moisture content. Overall, the most suitable moisture content was 60%~65%. A ventilation rate(based on dry matter)of 0.1~0.2 L·kg-1·min-1 reduced relative CH4 emissions and TC loss. A ventilation rate of 0.1~0.3 L·kg-1·min-1 reduced relative N2O, NH3 and TN losses. Therefore, to reduce carbon and nitrogen losses and greenhouse gas emissions during composting, the recommended process parameters are as follows:ventilation rate 0.1~0.3 L·kg-1·min-1, moisture content of 60%~65%, and C/N ratio of 20~25. |
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