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| Application of Decision Unit-Multi Increment Sampling in synchronized soil and crop sampling in heavy metal-contaminated farmland |
| Received:September 28, 2020 |
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| KeyWord:arable land;heavy metal contamination;spatial heterogeneity;Decision Unit-Multi Increment Sampling;overall estimation error |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | MAO Juan | College of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
Biological Environment and Ecological Security Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities in Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China
Institute of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China | | | HUANG Yong-jie | College of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
Biological Environment and Ecological Security Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities in Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China | yongjiehuang0108@163.com | | SONG Jing | Institute of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China | jingsong@issas.ac.cn | | ZHAO Xiao-feng | School of Geography and Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
Institute of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China | | | TANG Wei | Institute of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China | |
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| Abstract: |
| For environment monitoring of farmland soil, the collection of mixed samples from multiple points in a given sampling area is generally required. However, in the existing sampling guidelines, only general recommendations are available for the number of subsamples required. Additionally, in practice, it is common for only the minimum number of subsamples to be collected. In the present study, we conducted Decision Unit-Multi Increment Sampling(DUMIS) in a heavy metal-contaminated farmland in Tongling, Anhui Province, to explore the effect of the number of subsamples on the overall estimation error(OEE) of soil-crop synchronized monitoring samples. Soil-wheat grain paired samples made of 5, 50, and 100 increments were collected from eight field plots. Field sampling error, sample preparation error, and laboratory analytical error were subsequently analyzed. The results showed that laboratory analysis and sample preparation errors for Cd and Pb content in soil and wheat grain samples met the precision and accuracy requirement. The contribution of different processes to the OEE of Cd and Pb content in soil increased in the following order:analytical error < sample preparation error < field sampling error. The OEE of Cd content in wheat grain mainly came from field sampling; conversely, the OEE of Pb content in wheat grain was dominated by analytical error owing to the low Pb content in wheat grain. For most cases in this study, the number of increments did not lead to different evaluation results with regard to the heavy metal contamination of soil and wheat grain samples. However, the results of this study indicated that environmental investigation of farmland soil needed to consider the possible effect of the number of increments on sample representativeness and the evaluation results. To ensure sample representativeness, data reproducibility, and reliability of the conclusion, DUMIS is the recommended method for sampling in an area with high compositional and distributional heterogeneity. |
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