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| Effects of different fertilizer treatments combined with green manure intercropping on water and thermal properties and nitrate accumulation in soils of apple orchard |
| Received:November 19, 2015 |
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| KeyWord:apple;manure;dual mulching;soil water;temperature;nitrate accumulation |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | WEN Mei-juan | College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agricultural Environment of Northwest of Ministry of Agriculture Yangling 712100, China | | | ZHENG wei | College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agricultural Environment of Northwest of Ministry of Agriculture Yangling 712100, China | | | ZHAO Zhi-yuan | College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agricultural Environment of Northwest of Ministry of Agriculture Yangling 712100, China | | | WANG gui | College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agricultural Environment of Northwest of Ministry of Agriculture Yangling 712100, China | | | ZHAI Bing-nian | College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agricultural Environment of Northwest of Ministry of Agriculture Yangling 712100, China | zhaibingnian@nwsuaf.edu.cn | | WANG Zhao-hui | College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agricultural Environment of Northwest of Ministry of Agriculture Yangling 712100, China | |
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| Abstract: |
| Soil water and nutrients are two major factors limiting apple production in the Loess Plateau region in China. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2012—2015 in Tian Jia Wa village, Baishui county, Shaanxi Province, to evaluate the effects of different fertilizer treatments combined with green manure intercropping on soil water and thermal properties and nitrate accumulation in apple orchards. There were three treatments:Farmer management pattern(FM)—nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers only(NPK); Extension management pattern(EM)—NPK fertilizers combined with swine manure(NPKM) and polyethylene black plastic film mulch(beside the tree trunks); Optimized management pattern(OM)—NPKM, polyethylene black plastic film mulch(beside the tree trunks) and rape intercropping. Results showed that soil water storage in OM treatment was 14.6% and 6.1% higher than that in FM and EM, respectively. OM alleviated the temporal fluctuation of soil moisture in 0~60 cm soil depth and enhance the temporal stability of soil moisture in the layer, and effectively mitigated the soil desiccation in 140~300 cm soil depth. Additionally, OM also decreased the vertical variation of soil moisture in the soil profile and improved the stability of the vertical soil moisture distribution, as compared with FM and EM. In OM treatments, apple yields was increased by 20.1% and 33.6% , respectively, compared with EM and FM. The water use efficiency was highest in OM, and was 42.6% and 28.9% higher than in FM and EM . However, OM reduced the highest soil temperature, buffered different-time temperature variability, increased soil thermal capacity, as compared with EM and FM. Nevertheless, OM increased NO3--N content in 0~120 cm soil depth by 342.3 kg·hm-2 and 178.4 kg·hm-2 ,but decreased NO3--N accumulation in 120~300 cm soil profile by 556.5 kg·hm-2 and 30.0 kg·hm-2, in comparison with FM and EM, respectively. Therefore, OM significantly improved the thermal conditions of soil, reduced the nitrate accumulation in deep soil, and is the best orchard management pattern for alleviating water and temperature stresses, improving the ecological environment of apple orchards and enhancing apple yields in dry land apple orchards. |
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