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| Dynamics of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria during composting of chicken manure and mushroom cultural waste |
| Received:October 12, 2015 |
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| KeyWord:compost;RFLP;ammonia-oxidizing archaea;ammonia-oxidizing bacteria;abundance;community structure |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | QIU Shan-lian | Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangzhou 363005, China | | | ZHANG Shao-ping | Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangzhou 363005, China | | | WENG Bo-qi | Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China | | | LUO Tao | Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China | | | LIN Shuang-shuang | Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangzhou 363005, China | | | HE Yan-sen | Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangzhou 363005, China | heyansen1968@126.com |
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| Abstract: |
| The transformation and loss of nitrogen in composting materials were affected profoundly by ammonia oxidizers during the composting process. The abundance and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) during composting of chicken manure and mushroom cultural waste were examined employing Real-Time PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) techniques with the monooxygenase gene(amoA) as biomarker of ammonia oxidizers. Samples were collected at three representative stages, including mesophilic, thermophilic, and maturing stages. Results showed that the amoA gene abundance of AOB dominated and the gene copy numbers were about 38 to 992 times those of AOA at all three stages of composting. At the thermophilic stage, the amoA abundance of both AOA and AOB dropped to 0.9% and 17.6% of that at the mesophilic stage, respectively. The numbers of AOA and AOB at the maturing stage were similar to those at the thermophilic stage. Cluster 3 was the most dominant group of AOA at the three stages, and its amount of clones accounted for 70.73% of the clone library at the mesophilic stage of composting, 54.28% at the thermophilic stage, and 72.45% at the maturing stage. Nitrosomonas europaea was the most dominant species of AOB at the three stages, with clone amount representing 78.44%, 93.20% and 94.27% of all clones at mesophilic, thermophilic, and maturing stage, respectively. For AOA, the Shannon-Wiener index ranged from 1.53 to 1.60 at these three stages, showing no obvious changes, but the community composition revealed obvious succession. With increase in compost temperature, Cluster 4, Cluster 5 and Cluster 6 of AOA disappeared, but a novel member(Cluster 1) appeared and became the second dominant group. For AOB, both diversity and community structure showed dramatic changes. At the mesophilic stage, AOB gave the highest Shannon-Wiener index(1.47) and the richest number of species, with 6 clusters including Nitrosomonas europaea,Nitrosomonas halophila,Nitrosomonas communis,Nitrosomonas nitrosa,Nitrosospira briensis,and Nitrosospira multiformis clusters. However, with arrival of thermophilic stage, the Shannon-Wiener index of AOB sharply reduced to 0.45, and the community structure became simple, including Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosomonas halophila clusters. At the maturing stage, the diversity and species number of AOB recovered to some extent. |
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