| 黄伟,王西和,贾宏涛,杨金钰,屈小慧,刘盈锐,刘晓菊.不同磷水平对土壤化学性质和棉花产量及其构成的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2024,43(2):378-388. |
| 不同磷水平对土壤化学性质和棉花产量及其构成的影响 |
| Gradient phosphorus application affects soil chemical properties and cotton yield and composition |
| 投稿时间：2023-06-23 |
| DOI：10.11654/jaes.2023-0495 |
| 中文关键词: 棉花 磷梯度 土壤化学性质 碳氮磷比 产量 |
| 英文关键词: cotton phosphorus gradient soil chemical property carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus ratio yield |
| 基金项目:新疆维吾尔自治区重大专项（2022A02007）；现代农业产业技术体系专项资金（CARS-15-49）；国家自然科学基金项目（U1703232）；农业农村部“科研设施专项运行维护费”（G202109-2） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 本研究探讨不同磷水平对北疆灰漠土棉田土壤化学性质和棉花产量及其构成的影响，为确定最佳施磷量和深入了解当前棉田肥力及棉花生产状况提供实践指导。以“国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益监测站”已进行了5 a的棉田土壤磷素肥力演替特征定位施肥试验为研究对象，本研究对不施肥、不施磷、常规施化肥磷100%、化肥磷减施25%、化肥磷增施25%、化肥磷增施50%处理的土壤化学性质、磷素有效性特征和棉花产量及其构成进行分析。结果表明：随着施磷量的增加，有利于提升土壤养分含量。速效氮、有效磷、速效钾增幅分别在3.0%~16.10%、29.20%~111.77%、70.10%~72.10%之间，各速效养分含量依次与施肥初期相比，年均最高分别增长2.12、1.53、22.85 mg·kg-1。全氮、全磷、全钾增幅分别在21.10%~35.10%、1.60%~54.0%、9.30%~10.90%之间，各全量养分含量依次与施肥初期相比，年均最高分别增长0.03、0.06、0.41 g·kg-1。施磷150 kg·hm-2时，土壤有效磷含量和磷活化能力均显著最强，磷活化系数达2.13%，有效促进了土壤全磷向有效磷的转化。随着施磷量的增加，土壤有机质、有机碳含量均在施磷150 kg·hm-2时显著提升，增幅均在11.86%~36.50%之间，有机质年均增长0.33 g·kg-1左右，由于受北疆石灰性土壤自然特性和气候条件限制，结合碳氮磷比表明土壤有机质处于缺乏状态。对土壤pH和总盐分别呈下降和提升的趋势，范围分别在7.91~8.05和1.55~1.85 g·kg-1之间，但效应均不显著。连续5 a施磷150 kg·hm-2，能在确保棉株整个生育时期养分需求的同时节约磷肥用量且对棉花增产效果最佳，籽棉产量可达4 658 kg·hm-2，与不施肥、不施磷、常规施化肥磷100%相比，分别显著增产16.83%、15.01%、11.63%。本研究综合土壤养分、肥料投入、棉花产量指标，得出在北疆灰漠土棉田施磷150 kg·hm-2较为可行。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| The effects of different P levels on soil chemical properties and cotton yield and composition were explored in gray desert soil cotton fields in northern Xinjiang to provide practical guidance for determining the best P application amount and understand the current fertility of the cotton fields and cotton production. In this experiment, the P fertility succession characteristics of cotton soil at the“National Gray Desert Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Benefit Monitoring Station”over 5 years was used as the research object. Soil chemical properties, P availability characteristics, and cotton yield and composition were analyzed under conditions of no fertilization, no P application, conventional P application at 100%, P reduction of 25%, P increase of 25%, and P increase of 50%. The results showed that： With the increase in P application, the soil nutrient content was improved. The increases in available N, P, and K ranged from 3.0% to 16.10%, 29.20% to 111.77%, and 70.10% to 72.10%, respectively. Compared with the initial period of fertilization, the annual maximum increases of available nutrients were 2.12, 1.53, and 22.85 mg·kg-1, respectively. Total N, P, and K increased by 21.10%–35.10%, 1.60%–54.0% and 9.30%–10.90%, respectively. Compared with the initial period of fertilization, the annual maximum increase of total nutrient content was 0.03, 0.06, and 0.41 g·kg-1, respectively. With the application of 150 kg·hm-2 P, the soil available P content and P activation capacity were the highest, and the P activation coefficient reached 2.13%, which effectively promoted the conversion of total P to available P. With the increase in P application rate, soil organic matter and organic C levels increased significantly when P application was 150 kg·hm-2, with an increase rate of 11.86% to 36.50%, and the average annual growth rate of organic matter was approximately 0.33 g·kg-1. Owing to the natural characteristics of calcareous soil and climatic conditions in northern Xinjiang, combined with the ratio of C, N, and P, soil organic matter was deficient. Soil pH and total salt decreased and increased in the range of 7.91–8.05 and 1.55–1.85 g·kg-1, respectively, but the effects were not significant. Applying 150 kg·hm-2 P for 5 consecutive years can ensure the nutrient requirements of cotton plants during the entire growth period, deliver savings in the amount of P fertilizer used, and has the best effect on increasing cotton production. The seed cotton yield reached 4 658 kg·hm-2 and production was significantly increased by 16.83%, 15.01%, and 11.63% compared with that at no fertilizer, no P application, and conventional fertilizer with 100% P, respectively. Based on soil nutrients, fertilizer input, and cotton yield, applying 150 kg·hm-2 P to cotton field of gray desert soil in northern Xinjiang is feasible. |
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