| 蔡佳盛,施教忠,叶志隆,李叶楠,UZMA Shaheen,陈少华.水冲和节水农村公厕粪便资源化利用风险评估[J].农业环境科学学报,2021,40(10):2226-2235. |
| 水冲和节水农村公厕粪便资源化利用风险评估 |
| Ecological risk assessment of utilization of human excrement resources derived from water-flushing and water-saving public toilets in rural area |
| 投稿时间：2021-03-22 |
| DOI：10.11654/jaes.2021-0340 |
| 中文关键词: 乡村公厕 粪便 重金属 抗生素 生态风险 |
| 英文关键词: rural public toilet feces heavy metal antibiotic ecological risk |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2018YFC1903205） |
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| 摘要点击次数: 1420 |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为研究农村厕所粪便资源化利用时的生态安全性，选取目前农村厕改普遍采用的水冲型公厕和节水型公厕，开展粪便资源化潜力分析和环境生态风险评估。分析了粪便中营养组分以及有毒有害物（重金属和抗生素）的含量，并分别采用生态风险指数法和风险指数法评价了水冲型公厕和节水型公厕粪便资源化利用时重金属、抗生素残留带来的潜在生态风险。结果显示：尿液（节水型公厕）与粪液（水冲型公厕）中所含的重金属浓度范围分别为1.44~895.03 μg·L-1和1.04~18 519.34 μg·L-1；就地发酵产品（节水型公厕）与粪渣（水冲型公厕）中重金属含量范围分别为3.96~3 185.07 mg·kg-1和12.43~19 105.59 mg·kg-1。尿液/粪液中抗生素浓度为0~128.13 μg·L-1，好氧发酵产品/粪渣中抗生素含量则为0~32.32 mg·kg-1。生态风险指数显示，尿液/粪液作为农肥施用时无生态风险（生态风险指数<150），发酵产品/粪渣在施用时其所含的重金属存在极高的生态风险（生态风险指数≥600）。风险指数则表明，尿液/粪液以及粪便生态发酵产品/粪渣中所含的土霉素（OTC）、氧氟沙星（OFLO）以及环丙沙星（CIP）可能引发中、高风险（风险指数>0.1），且节水公厕生态发酵产品和尿液中抗生素的生态风险比水冲公厕粪渣和粪液低，说明节水型公厕有利于减少抗生素带来的生态风险。研究表明，在土地施用时，发酵产品（节水公厕）和粪渣（水冲公厕）所含的重金属会引发严重的生态风险，且公厕的节水化运行有利于减少粪污中抗生素的生态风险。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Rural public toilet excreta is one of the main sources of organic fertilizer in remote mountainous and barren areas, yet its ecological safety during resource utilization is often ignored. In this study, water-flushing public toilets and water-saving public toilets, the two types of toilet commonly used in the "toilet revolution", were selected for resource potential analysis and ecological risk assessment. The amounts of nutrients and toxic substances(including heavy metals and antibiotics) in excreta were analyzed. The ecological risk index (IR) and hazard quotient(QH) were used to evaluate the potential ecological risks, due to heavy metals and antibiotics residues, respectively, in the utilization of rural public toilet excreta. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in urine/black water were 1.44~895.03 μg·L-1 and 1.04~18 519.34 μg·L-1, the concentrations of heavy metals in compost products/feces were 3.96~3 185.07 mg·kg-1 and 12.43~19 105.59 mg·kg-1; while the concentration of antibiotics in urine/black water was 0~128.13 μg·L-1, and the concentration of antibiotics in compost products/feces was 0~32.32 mg·kg-1. The calculated IR indicated that no ecological risk would occur during the application of urine/black water(IR<150), while the heavy metals in compost products/feces could pose a high ecological risk in land applications(IR ≥ 600). The QH indicated that the oxytetracycline, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin contained in urine/black water and compost products/feces might lead to moderate or high ecological risk during land applications(QH>0.1). Compared with feces and black water from water-flushing public toilets, the contents of antibiotics in compost products/urine from water-saving public toilets showed lower ecological risks, indicating that water-saving public toilets were helpful in reducing antibiotic-associated ecological risks. These findings show that heavy metals in compost products(from water-saving public toilets) and feces(from water-flushing public toilets) can cause serious ecological risks during land application, and the water-saving operation of public toilets is conducive to reducing the ecological risks of antibiotics. |
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