施用鸡粪有机肥对种植小油菜土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响

李可; 孙彤; 孙涛; 徐应明; 孙约兵

文章摘要

李可,孙彤,孙涛,徐应明,孙约兵.施用鸡粪有机肥对种植小油菜土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2020,39(10):2316-2324.

施用鸡粪有机肥对种植小油菜土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响

Effects of applying organic fertilizer from chicken excrement on the microbial community structural diversity in soils planted with Chinese cabbage（Brassica chinensis）

投稿时间：2020-01-08

DOI：10.11654/jaes.2020-0036

中文关键词: 有机肥土壤肥力磷脂脂肪酸土壤微生物群落结构

英文关键词: organic fertilizer soil fertility phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA) soil microbes community structure

基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFD0801402）；天津市自然科学基金重点项目（17JCZDJC34200）

作者	单位	E-mail
李可	农业农村部环境保护科研监测所, 农业农村部产地环境污染防控重点实验室, 天津市农业环境与农产品安全重点实验室, 天津 300191
孙彤	农业农村部环境保护科研监测所, 农业农村部产地环境污染防控重点实验室, 天津市农业环境与农产品安全重点实验室, 天津 300191 东北农业大学资源与环境学院, 哈尔滨 150030
孙涛	农业农村部环境保护科研监测所, 农业农村部产地环境污染防控重点实验室, 天津市农业环境与农产品安全重点实验室, 天津 300191 新疆农业大学草业与环境科学学院, 乌鲁木齐 830052
徐应明	农业农村部环境保护科研监测所, 农业农村部产地环境污染防控重点实验室, 天津市农业环境与农产品安全重点实验室, 天津 300191
孙约兵	农业农村部环境保护科研监测所, 农业农村部产地环境污染防控重点实验室, 天津市农业环境与农产品安全重点实验室, 天津 300191	sunyuebing@aepi.org.cn

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中文摘要:

为探究施用不同剂量的鸡粪有机肥对种植小油菜土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响，设置0（CK）、7.5 t·hm^-2（T0.5）、15 t·hm^-2（T1）、30 t·hm^-2（T2）和60 t·hm^-2（T4） 5个鸡粪有机肥施用水平，种植3茬油菜后采集土壤样品，分析其基础化学性质和微生物磷脂脂肪酸（Phospholipid fatty acid，PLFA）组成特征，并探究微生物与土壤化学性质之间的关联。结果表明：施用鸡粪有机肥后，土壤肥力整体趋于升高，其中T4处理土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮和有效磷含量分别较CK增加了34.1%、48.2%、47.9%、35.5%、3.9%和14.7%；土壤总PLFA、各类群微生物PLFA含量和真菌PLFA/细菌PLFA在中、高量有机肥处理下显著高于不施肥处理，T4处理总PLFA、细菌总PLFA和真菌总PLFA含量分别较CK增加了53.4%、52.1%和108.3%；T2处理的Shannon、Simpson、Pielou指数最高。微生物群落结构在施用极低和低剂量鸡粪有机肥（≤15 t·hm^-2）时较为相似，且显著区别于中量和高量施肥处理（≥30 t·hm^-2）；冗余分析结果表明，土壤基础化学特性解释了群落结构多样性发生变化的87.2%，起主要作用的环境因子包括硝态氮、总磷和pH，其中微生物PLFA与有效磷、铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮、全磷含量呈正相关，与土壤CEC和pH呈负相关。研究表明：施用鸡粪有机肥可以提高土壤肥力，增加土壤微生物群落多样性，但土壤微生物群落结构及多样性对不同的施肥剂量的响应结果不同，施用量为30 t·hm^-2和60 t·hm^-2时明显提高了土壤肥力、微生物总量及各菌群生物量，效果优于其他处理。因此，在短期内可通过适当增加有机肥的施用量来提高土壤肥力和生物学质量。

英文摘要:

To better understand the influence of different doses of organic fertilizer from chicken excrement on the soil microbial community diversity in soils planted with Chinese cabbage(Brassica chinensis), five levels (CK:0, T0.5:7.5 t·hm^-2, T1:15 t·hm^-2, T2:30 t·hm^-2, and T4:60 t·hm^-2)of organic fertilizer from chicken excrement were applied to the experimental plots. Field trials included three crops of Chinese cabbage. After the Chinese cabbages were harvested, soil samples were collected for analyzing the basic chemical properties and the microbial phospholipid fatty acid(Phospholipid fatty acid, PLFA) composition to investigate the changes in the microbial population and community structure and diversity, and the correlation between them when different levels of fertilizers were applied. Results show that the application of organic fertilizer from chicken excrement increased the soil fertility. The soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), total potassium(TK), nitrate nitrogen(nitrate-N), and available phosphorus(AP) increased respectively by 34.1%, 48.2%, 47.9%, 35.5%, 3.9%, and 14.7% in T4 over that in CK. The total PLFA content, that of each microbial group, and the fungus-to-bacteria PLFA ratios in middle and high fertilizer treatments were higher than that in the treatment without fertilizer. Among these treatments, the total PLFA content, the bacterial, and the fungal PLFA in T4 increased by 53.4%, 52.1%, and 108.3%, respectively in contrast to the control. The Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou indexes in T2 were the highest among the treatments. Microbial community structural diversity was similar among treatments with no fertilizer, extremely low, and low fertilizer applications(≤ 15 t·hm^-2), and differed significantly from treatments with moderate and high fertilizer applications(≥ 30 t·hm^-2). The results of redundant analysis(RDA) showed that the basic chemical characteristics of soil explained 87.2% of the changes in the community structural diversity. The main driving factors were nitrate-N, TP, and pH. Microbial PLFA were positively correlated with the AP, ammonium nitrogen(ammonium-N), nitrate-N, TN, and TP, while they were negatively correlated with soil CEC and pH. These results indicate that the fertility and microbial community diversity in soil can be improved by the application of organic fertilizer from chicken excrement. However, changes in soil microbial community structure and diversity varied according to different doses of organic fertilizer from chicken excrement. Fertilization rates of 30 t·hm^-2 and 60 t·hm^-2 were more effective for improving soil fertility and microbial amounts when compared to other treatment levels. Therefore, organic fertilizer derived from chicken excrement can be used to improve the soil fertility and biological quality by appropriately increasing the rate of application in a short time.

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