渭北旱地麦田配施有机肥减量施氮的作用效果

张昊青; 于昕阳; 翟丙年; 金忠宇; 马臣; 王朝辉

文章摘要

张昊青,于昕阳,翟丙年,金忠宇,马臣,王朝辉.渭北旱地麦田配施有机肥减量施氮的作用效果[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(1):124-133.

渭北旱地麦田配施有机肥减量施氮的作用效果

Reducing N fertilization rate through a combination of manure and chemical fertilizer in Weibei dryland

投稿时间：2016-06-20

DOI：10.11654/jaes.2016-0827

中文关键词: 旱地冬小麦有机肥产量氮肥利用率硝态氮残留土壤有机质

英文关键词: dryland winter wheat manure grain yield N use efficiency soil nitrate-N residue soil organic matter

基金项目:国家科技支撑计划项目（2015BAD23B04）；公益性行业（农业）科研专项（201503124）；国家小麦现代产业技术体系建设专项（Z225020803）

作者	单位	E-mail
张昊青	西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西杨凌 712100 农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
于昕阳	西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西杨凌 712100 农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
翟丙年	西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西杨凌 712100 农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100	bingnianzhaitg@126.com
金忠宇	西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西杨凌 712100 农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
马臣	西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西杨凌 712100 农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
王朝辉	西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西杨凌 712100 农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100

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中文摘要:

为了探讨陕西渭北旱地冬小麦有机无机配施的减氮效应及机理，于2011年10月至2014年6月在陕西省渭南市白水县进行了连续三年的田间小区定位试验，探究不同氮肥用量（0、75、150、225、300 kg N·hm^-2）与有机肥（猪粪30 t·hm^-2）配施对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率（NUE）、土壤硝态氮残留及土壤养分的影响，明确当地最适宜的有机无机配施比例。结果表明：有机无机配施处理的产量、地上部吸氮量和NUE较单施化肥处理分别提高6.9%、29.3%和34.3%，且以有机肥与150 kg N·hm^-2氮肥配施处理效果最佳；有机无机配施显著改善0~20 cm土壤养分状况，土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别较单施化肥处理提高6.1%、8.2%、90.4%和94.8%，但当施氮量大于150 kg N·hm^-2时，配施有机肥显著增加0~200 cm硝态氮残留量（43.7~188.8 kg·hm^-2），加大硝态氮淋溶风险；有机肥分别与75、150 kg N·hm^-2氮肥配施相比单独施用150、225 kg N·hm^-2氮肥处理在产量上无显著差异，却显著提高了NUE （27.4%和45.3%），并降低60 cm土层以下硝态氮含量。综合上述研究结果，在渭北旱地冬小麦生产中，在有机肥（猪粪）30 t·hm^-2的基础上配施75~150 kg N·hm^-2的氮肥（有机氮：无机氮=1：0.46~0.91），可以保证小麦高产优质，并降低氮素淋溶风险。

英文摘要:

To explore the effect and mechanism of manure on reducing nitrogen(N) fertilizer rates in Weibei dryland, a 3-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of manure and N fertilizer on winter wheat yield, N use efficiency(NUE), soil nitrate-N residue and soil nutrients in Baishui County. Following a spilt-plot design, the main treatments included two manure application rates:30 t·hm^-2(with manure, +M), and 0 t·hm^-2(without manure, -M); The sub-treatments included five N fertilizer rates:0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg N·hm^-2. The results showed that, additional manure increased winter wheat yield by 6.9%, aboveground N uptake by 29.3%, and NUE by 34.4%, relative to that without manure, and the highest values were all recorded in the M+N150 treatment(the combination of manure with 150 kg N·hm^-2 fertilizer). The combined application of manure and inorganic fertilizer increased soil organic matter, total N, available P and available K in 0~20 cm layer by a mean of 6.1%, 8.2%, 90.4%, 94.8%, compared to that without manure, respectively. However, when manure was combined with the N rate which exceeded 150 kg N·hm^-2, further increase of N rate would lead to an increase of soil nitrate-N residue(43.7~188.8 kg·hm^-2), and the risk of nitrate-N leaching. The combination of manure with 75 and 150 kg N·hm^-2 N fertilizer resulted in a comparable grain yield with that for applying 150 and 225 kg N·hm^-2 fertilizer alone, but increased NUE significantly(The improvement was 27.4% and 45.3%, respectively), and additionally reduced the soil nitrate-N below 60 cm layer. As a result, we concluded that combining manure(30 t·hm^-2 pig manure) with 75~150 kg N·hm^-2 N fertilizer(organic N:inorganic N=1:0.46~0.91) is recommended for achieving an N efficient and environmental friendly winter wheat farming system in Weibei dryland.

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