炭基氮肥与灌水对温室番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮残留的影响

李艳梅; 杨俊刚; 孙焱鑫; 廖上强; 张琳; 邹国元

文章摘要

李艳梅,杨俊刚,孙焱鑫,廖上强,张琳,邹国元.炭基氮肥与灌水对温室番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮残留的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(10):1965-1972.

炭基氮肥与灌水对温室番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮残留的影响

Coupling Effects of Biochar-Based Urea and Irrigation on Tomato Yield and Fruit Quality and Soil Nitrate Content in Greenhouse Facility

投稿时间：2015-04-23

DOI：10.11654/jaes.2015.10.018

中文关键词: 番茄高压型炭基氮肥浸泡型炭基氮肥常规灌水低量灌水

英文关键词: tomato highly-pressurized type of biochar-based urea water immersed type of biochar-based urea conventional irrigation reduced irrigation

基金项目:北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设(KJCX20151407);北京市自然科学基金(6132017);北京市缓控释肥料工程中心建设(z111105055311092)

作者	单位	E-mail
李艳梅	北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所, 北京 100097 农业部都市农业北方重点实验室, 北京 10097 北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心, 北京 100097
杨俊刚	北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所, 北京 100097 农业部都市农业北方重点实验室, 北京 10097 北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心, 北京 100097
孙焱鑫	北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所, 北京 100097 农业部都市农业北方重点实验室, 北京 10097 北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心, 北京 100097	Sunyanxin@sohu.com
廖上强	北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所, 北京 100097 农业部都市农业北方重点实验室, 北京 10097 北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心, 北京 100097
张琳	北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所, 北京 100097 农业部都市农业北方重点实验室, 北京 10097 北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心, 北京 100097
邹国元	北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所, 北京 100097 农业部都市农业北方重点实验室, 北京 10097 北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心, 北京 100097

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中文摘要:

炭基氮肥是近年来生物炭农用的重要方向.为明确其在不同灌水量条件下设施栽培体系的农学与环境效应,通过两种工艺将生物炭与尿素复合,采用田间试验研究浸泡型炭基尿素和高压型炭基尿素与两个不同灌溉水量(常规及低量)相耦合对番茄光合作用、生长、产量、品质、土壤盐度及硝态氮残留的影响.结果表明,与常规灌水相比,低量灌水使叶片光合作用及叶绿素合成受到抑制,番茄出现减产;浸泡型炭基尿素处理所受抑制相对较弱,番茄产量降低不明显;高压型炭基尿素处理所受抑制较强,番茄产量明显降低;减水措施增强了两种炭基尿素处理叶片的蒸腾作用,提升了番茄果实可溶糖与Vc含量;减水措施还表现为明显增加了两种炭基尿素处理0~80 cm土层中的硝态氮残留量.与普通尿素相比,浸泡型和高压型炭基尿素处理起到了增强叶片光合强度及调节叶片蒸腾强度的作用,增加了叶片叶绿素合成及果径和单果重,番茄产量分别增加34.5%~51.5%、9.1%~15.6%;两种炭基尿素在常规灌水时表现为降低果实硝酸盐及Vc含量,在低量灌水时表现为增加果实可溶糖与Vc含量;与普通尿素相比,浸泡型炭基尿素处理在常规灌水和低量灌水时0~80 cm土层硝态氮总量分别减少了45%和37%,高压型炭基尿素处理在常规灌水时0~80 cm土层的硝态氮总量无明显变化,减量灌水时0~80 cm土层的硝态氮总量增加了13.0%;浸泡型炭基尿素与低量灌水组合处理的土壤硝态氮残留量低于普通尿素与常规灌水组合处理.浸泡型炭基尿素在提升番茄产量与品质、降低土壤氮素环境风险及减少灌水投入等方面均具有较好的推广潜力.

英文摘要:

Biochar-based nitrogen fertilizer has been one of important applications of biochar in agriculture. Here a greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine the agronomic and environmental effects of two types of biochar-based urea(water-immersed and highly-pressurized) under two irrigation conditions(conventional level and low level). Leaf photosynthesis, growth, yield and quality of tomato, soil salinity, and soil nitrate content were observed. Results showed that reducing irrigation level by 46.0% inhibited leaf photosynthesis and decreased tomato yield, as compared to the conventional irrigation level. The leaf photosynthesis and tomato yield in the treatment with highly-pressurized biochar-based urea was significantly decreased, whereas such inhibition was not obvious in the treatment with water immersed biochar-based urea. However, the reduced irrigation increased leaf transpiration rate, fruit soluble sugar and Vc content and soil nitrate content in both biochar-based urea treatments. Compared with conventional urea, water-immersed and highly-pressurized biochar-based urea enhanced leaf photosynthesis intensity, regulated leaf transpiration intensity, increased leaf chlorophyll content and fruit diameter and weight, resulting in increases in tomato yield by 34.5%~51.5% and 9.12%~15.6%, respectively. Both types of biochar-based urea reduced fruit nitrate and Vc content at the conventional irrigation level, but increased fruit soluble sugar and Vc content at the reduced irrigation level. In comparison with conventional urea treatment, water immersed type of biochar-based urea decreased soil residual nitrate of 0~80 cm depth by 45.0% at the conventional irrigation level and by 37.0% at the reduced irrigation level. High-pressured type of biochar-based urea had little effect on soil residual nitrate at the conventional irrigation level, whereas it greatly increased soil residual nitrate of 0~80 cm depth by 13.0% at the reduced irrigation level. Soil nitrate content was siginificantly lower in water immersed biochar-based urea treatment at reduced irrigation level than in conventional urea treatment at conventional irrigation level. In sum, water immersed biochar-based urea has potential to increase tomato yield, improve fruit quality, lower soil nitrogen environmental risks, and reduce irrigation level.

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